Harvard System
A Swinburne guide to in-text references (citations), reference lists and bibliographies using the Harvard author-date style
CONTENTS
Introduction
Definitions
Annotated
bibliography
Bibliography
Citation
In-text reference
Periodicals
Reference list
Steps to referencing
Organising a bibliography or reference list
Before you begin: the most important rule of all
Writing
a bibliography or reference list
Collecting references
In-text references
Using
volume and page numbers
Dates in text
One author or one organisation as author
Two or three authors
More than three authors
More than one work cited in a single reference
Parts
of a work written by someone other than the author
More than one work by
the same author
No author or authoring body--neither
a person nor an organisation
One author citing another
author
Encyclopedias and dictionaries
Audiovisual
material (films, videos, DVDs, television and radio programs)
Web pages
Unpublished works
Personal communications,
including e-mail, conversations, IRC & IM
Reference lists and bibliographies
Books
-
Book with one author
- Book
with two or three authors
-
Book with an organisation as author
-
Book with a government department as author
- Book
with more than three authors
- Book
with no author
-
Book with an editor
- Book
in a series
-
Book known by a short title e.g. The Cole inquiry
- More
than one place of publication
- Chapter
or article from a book
- Entries
in an encyclopedia
Periodicals
- Articles
with an author
- Articles
with no author
-
Individual volumes/issues
- Complete
run of a periodical
- Newspaper
articles
-
Reviews of books, films, television, performances etc.
- Annual
reports
Conference
papers - published proceedings
Australian
Bureau of Statistics documents
Acts
of Parliament
Standards
Tables, graphs and images
from a book or periodical
-
Videorecording e.g. videotapes
- Sound
recordings e.g. discs, tapes, reels, cassettes
- Slides
- Kit
i.e. combinations of media such as audiocassette plus printed
booklet/s
- Radio
and television broadcasts
Pamphlets,
leaflets etc.
Unpublished
sources of information
- Unpublished
documents: diaries, personal papers, reports etc.
- Personal
letters, interviews, conversations, IRC, text messages
Items in a foreign language (non-English)
Electronic resources
Page
numbers on the web
Dates
Articles
in online databases
- Article
with an author
- Article
without an author
-
Conference paper
-
TVNews file
Reports
from online databases
Articles
from open access online resources
Articles
from online encyclopedias and dictionaries
Extract
from an online book
Tables, graphs and images
from an online book or periodical
Web
pages
- Web
document with an author
- Web
document without an author
-
Web page of a company or organisation
- Australian
Standards Online
- Patents from open access online resources
- Australian
Bureau of Statistics documents online
- Discussion lists and discussion boards
- Lectopia recordings
- Blogs
- Wikis
- YouTube
E-mail
- E-mail
with permission to cite the e-mail address
-
E-mail without permission to cite the e-mail address
Other
electronic resources
Personal bibliographic software
Cite
while you write
Web pages
Management of qualitative data and electronic text
Nvivo
Further reading
Standard abbreviations used in referencing
Introduction
This guide
is designed to help you document the sources of information you
use for your assignments. The style used in this guide is the
Harvard system, which is also sometimes called the author-date
system or the name-year system. It is based on the
Australian Government style guide, Style manual for authors,
editors and printers 2002, 6th edition, revised by Snooks and Co.,
John Wiley & Sons, Milton, Qld and also Colin Neville's The complete guide to referencing and avoiding plagiarism 2007, Open University Press, Maidenhead--both of which can give you further
information and more examples. There are many different citation
styles. You can view a guide to some online resources on the Library Subject Starter Guide Styles for reference lists and bibliographies
at:
http://www.swinburne.edu.au/lib/subjectguide/citing.htm
Your teachers may give you instructions about how to cite resources,
but if not, you can follow the guidelines given here.
There are
several important reasons for citing sources of information you
have used:
- You must
acknowledge any ideas or information you have obtained from
other writers. If you do not let your reader know that ideas
or information presented in your work are actually the work
of other people, this is plagiarism (stealing) for which you can be penalised.
- Ideas and
information that originally appeared in other works will help
you to substantiate the statements you make in your assignment.
- Your readers
may wish to find out more about the subject of your work by
reading some of the books, articles and other information sources
you have used.
Definitions
Annotated
bibliography
a bibliography
in which each citation is accompanied by a note that describes,
explains or evaluates the publication referred to. Annotations
may include scope, level, bias, style, relevance
and credibility.
Bibliography
a list of
books, articles and other sources of information which you have consulted and found
useful in your research. It may include items which you have not
referred to directly in the text of your essay or report.
Citation
description
of a book, article or other information source, containing all
details essential for correct identification of the item. Sometimes
called a 'reference' by the Harvard system. Abbreviated citations
are used for in-text references.
In-text
reference
used in the
Harvard system to give a brief acknowledgment of the source of
a specific piece of information within the main text of an essay
or report. It should be placed in parentheses immediately following
the relevant passage or fully integrated into the text. In-text
references must be accompanied by a reference list or bibliography giving complete details of the works cited.
Periodicals
publications
that are published regularly (eg. daily, weekly, monthly, quarterly) such as magazines, journals
and newspapers.
Reference
list
a list of
books, articles and other information sources that you have referred
to directly (cited) in the text of your essay or report. This
is used with the Harvard system. No additional items are included
in a reference list, even those you found broadly relevant to
your research but did not use. Note: Sometimes you may provide both a reference
list and a bibliography (or annotated bibliography) with your
essay or report--check with your teacher.
Steps
to referencing
Step 1:
When you are
collecting information, you should record all bibliographic details.
In the case
of a book, bibliographic details refer to information like author
or editor, date of publication, title, edition (if not the first),
volume number (if from a multi-volume work), publisher and place
of publication. A helpful suggestion to aid this is to photocopy the pages before the list of contents of the book, where all information about where and when the book was published, and store those pages in a folder, plastic sleeve, etc.
In the case
of an article from a periodical, bibliographic details refers to information like author of the article, year
of publication, title of the article, title of the periodical, day and month of publication and page number or page numbers on which the article appears.
In the case
of an electronic resource, bibliographic details refers to information like author of the resource, year
of publication, title of the resource, database provider or sponsor of the web page, day and month the resource was first viewed, and URL (web page address).
Step 2:
Cite the reference
(place a brief reference) at the appropriate place within the text of the assignment. This means there will be a note or marker showing where you are acknowledging that someone else is responsible for that piece of information in your assignment.
Step 3:
Provide either
a bibliography or a reference list at the end of the assignment. Ask your teacher which one they require.
Steps 2 and
3 involve listing citations using an accepted format. This guide
tells you which information you need to include in citations (references)
for most sources of information (books, articles, audiovisual
material, web pages etc.) and how to set out that information
by following the examples given. One widely used format, the Harvard
system, is described in this guide. Ask your teacher if your
school or department prefers this system. This guide will also help you prepare your bibliography or reference list, which is a more detailed set of notes about what you have used in preparing the assignment.
Remember,
if you are having any problems with writing references, you can ask for
help from:
- the librarian
at the Consultation Desk;
- your teacher
or supervisor in the relevant subjects;
- language
support teachers or study support teachers in LAS/Study Support at your campus.
Organising
a bibliography or reference list
Before you begin: the most important rule of all
The most important rule in any citing and referencing is: always be
consistent! If you do something in one way once, you should then do it the same way throughout the whole assignment!
Writing
a bibliography or reference list
The following points may seem strict, but
they can be important in interpreting a reference.
-
Always assemble and present the information (e.g. author, title, publisher,
etc.) in the same order.
- Be consistent
in your use of punctuation.
- Be consistent
in your use of capital letters.
- Observe
the conventions on italics and single quotation marks which help to distinguish
books and periodicals from the chapters or articles in them:
- italics
for the title of a book (or videotape, periodical or website);
- enclose
the title of an article in single quotation marks
Note:
Underlining may be used instead of italics, however, using
italics is now usually preferred because of the predominance
of personal computers which produce clear
unambiguous italics. Underlined references can be confused
with hypertext links for web pages from the Internet. Underlining is mostly
used with handwritten or typewritten material. Italics will be used throughout this guide.
-
Arrange your list of references in a clearly distinguishable
order. A single sequence arranged alphabetically by the first
letter of each item (author's family name/surname) is the most common.
Alternatives include:
- alphabetical
within topics according to subject (e.g. a bibliography on
mass media divided into general, television and radio)
- alphabetical
within groups according to format (e.g. books, periodicals,
audiovisual)
Collecting
references
As you find
your information sources it is a good idea to record the references
in full. It takes less time to type out the reference (or copy it onto an electronic document) in full
the first time, even if you decide not to use it, than to find
the necessary information at the last minute when your assignment
is due.
Use a folder, plastic sleeve, envelope etc. to store photocopied references in, and use a electronic folder to store all electronic resources, including their bibliographic data.
If you have
used several libraries to collect information, it is a good idea to note where you found
your source, as well as its call number in that library. This
information is not included in the bibliography or reference list
with your assignment, but will help you to find the material again
if required.
Postgraduate students and staff should read about Personal
bibliographic software, and Management
of qualitative data and electronic text.
In-text
references
In the Harvard
system, whenever you use someone else's information in your assignment, you place brief references in the text of your assignment to acknowledge the source of that information you have quoted
or discussed. These brief references are called in-text citations ("citations"),
or sometimes they are called in-text references.
Citations must be accompanied by a reference list or bibliography at the end of your assignment, with the full details
of all the works cited.
Generally,
a citation is only the author's family name/surname and the
year of publication. Additional details such as page numbers,
volume numbers (and authors' initials, if more than one item has an author with the same surname as another item) should only be used when necessary
to avoid confusion with other sources of information. Direct quotations should always be acknowledged
with a page number.
e.g. |
David
Miller asks, `what does each of us, individually, owe to
other human beings, regardless of their cultural make-up,
or their citizenship, or their place of residence?' (Miller
2000, p. 174) |
Using
volume and page numbers
If it is necessary
to specify a volume or page in a citation--for example
if the work is very long, these may be useful for a reader; add
these details after the publication year:
| e.g. 1 |
(Barr
1977, p. 77) |
| e.g. 2 |
Barr
(1995, p. 29) described... |
| e.g. 3 |
(Russell
1969, vol. 3, p. 138) |
Also
look at the section on
Page numbers
on the web
Dates in text
Sometimes
a publication year cannot be found. As the Harvard system is based
on the combination of author and date, one of the following substitutes
should be used:
n.d. = no
known date
c. 1995
= circa 1995 (i.e. an approximate date)
2005? =
a dubious / possible date
forthcoming
= a work to be published in the near future
One author or
one organisation as author
The name and
year may be placed in brackets at the end of the relevant clause
or sentence.
| e.g. |
These
changes were noticed more than a decade ago (Barr 1995). |
Alternatively,
the author's surname may be integrated into the text, followed
immediately by the year, in brackets.
| e.g. |
Barr
(1995) was one of the first to draw attention to these changes. |
If the author
is an organisation or group, use the name of the organization.
| e.g. 1 |
The
management of medications for the elderly in aged care facilities
received greater attention in 2000 (Australian Pharmaceutical
Advisory Council 2000). |
| e.g. 2 |
The United Nations General Assembly (2008) has indicated that it plays a significant role in developing international law and setting international standards. |
Two or three authors
When a work
has two authors, the in-text reference shows the names of the authors, seperated by an ampersand (&):
| e.g. |
(Zabin & Brebach 2004) |
When a work has three authors, the first two names are separated by a comma and the third from the second by an ampersand:
| e.g. |
(Kotler, Kartajaya & Hooi 2007) |
More than three authors
When a work
has more than three authors, the in-text reference shows the name
of the first listed author and then the abbreviation
'et al.', which means 'and others':
| e.g. |
(Gajski
et al. 1993) |
However, the
names of all the authors should be shown in the Reference
list and in the order as listed in the work.
More
than one work cited in a single reference
More than
one work may be cited in a single reference:
| |
(Parsaye
& Chignell 1988; Simons 1985) |
Note the authors
are presented in alphabetical order--P before S.
When two authors of a work are incorporated in the text, the word 'and' is used rather than the ampersand (&):
| |
Parsaye
and Chignell (1988), and Simons (1985) describe how... |
Parts
of a work written by someone other than the author
When someone
other than the author writes part of a work, such as a preface
or introduction, give both names.
| e.g. |
Block
(in Gallway 2000) claimed … |
| |
(Block,
in Gallway 2000) |
In the reference
list, show details of the work in which the contribution, or part
of the work, appeared. For the example above, of Block's introduction in Gallway's work, it would be:
| e.g. |
Gallway,
WT 2000, The inner game of work, Random House, New
York. |
More than one work
by the same author
When you cite more than one work by the same author, list the publication
years in chronological order (oldest to newest).
Use lower-case
letters to distinguish between works published in the same year
(also include these in the list of references).
| e.g. 1 |
(Barr
1977, 1995) |
| e.g. 2 |
(Robertson
1988a, 1988b) |
| e.g. 3 |
Koutsoukis
(2007, 2008b) noted that... |
No author
or authoring body--neither a person nor an organisation
Sometimes
a work has no identifiable author. In this case, substitute the
title of the book, article or web page for the author's name--don't use 'Anonymous' or 'Anon'. The title must be in italics (or underlined--see note from earlier).
| e.g. 1 |
…
in seventeenth century England (On travelling to London
1683) |
| e.g. 2 |
Reform
to drug laws was discussed but rejected by the Harm Minimisation
Committee (Drugs and the law 2002) |
| |
In
Drugs and the law (2002) it was claimed that reform
to drug laws ... |
One
author citing another author
When one author
cites another author's work, use all the authors' names.
Remember from earlier, that when two authors of a work are incorporated in the text, the word 'and' is used.
| e.g. 1 |
Chambliss
and Ryther (cited in Liazos 1985) reported… |
|
(Chambliss & Ryther, cited in Liazos 1985) |
| e.g. 2 |
`English,
as Charlton Laird has noted, is the only language that has,
or needs, books of synonyms like Roget's Thesaurus.
"Most speakers of other languages are not aware that such
books exist."' (Laird, cited in Bryson 1990) |
In the reference
list, give details of the citing author only, because that is from there that you sourced the information.
| From e.g. 1, above: |
Reference List
Liazos
A 1985, Sociology: a liberating perspective, Allyn
and Bacon, London. |
Encyclopedias
and dictionaries
If there is
an author for an article from an encyclopedia, use the author-date
method already described. For a dictionary entry or an encyclopedia
article with no author, provide in-text information like this:
| e.g. 1 |
The
Macquarie dictionary (2001) defines it as … |
| e.g. 2 |
(Encyclopędia Britannica 2008) |
Audiovisual
material (films, videos/DVDs, television and radio programs)
Provide the
title of the item in italics and the date.
| e.g. 1 |
(Japanese
language and people 1991) |
| e.g. 2 |
In
the film Charlotte Grey (2002) the French Resistance
fighters were portrayed… |
Web
pages
If there is
an author for a web page, use the author-date method already described.
| e.g. 1 |
(Dorosh
2007) |
| e.g. 2 |
(Victorian Association of TAFE Libraries
2008) |
If there is
no author, use the title of the web page.
| e.g. |
(The senior dogs project 2002) |
Unpublished works
If there is
an author for an unpublished work, use the author-date method
already described. An unpublished work may be a thesis; manuscript; unpublished paper given at a conference; etc.
If there is
no author, use the title of the unpublished work.
| e.g. |
(Helping those who don't want help 2005) |
Personal communications,
including e-mail, conversations, IRC & IM
Personal communications,
include conversations, interviews, telephone calls, e-mails, letters, internet live chat (IRC), instant messaging (IM), SMS text messages and also lectures.
Personal communications usually do not appear in a reference list unless your assignment is based mainly on information collected from personal communications. Personal communications are usually cited in-text only and must state what format the communication was. The day and month of the communication may also be necessary. Note carefully that initials precede the surname/family name.
Please also see the section called Unpublished
sources of information and then follow the examples of personal communications citated in-text below.
| e.g 1. |
In
a letter dated 29 May 1986, AD Francis, wrote … |
| |
The bus came to rest at the bottom of the hill on top
of Mr HG Birtles (AD Francis 1986, personal letter, 29 May). |
| e.g 2. |
In an e-mail dated 15 January 2003, Annette Steere wrote… |
| |
The pie eating competition was a great success, with 6783 pies consumed! (A Steere
2003, e-mail, 15 January) |
Reference
lists and bibliographies
In the Harvard
system, the author and the publication year form the link between
in-text citations and the reference list or bibliography.
There is no difference in preparing a reference list or a bibliography--both use the same details and information. A bibliography will simply have more sources listed than a reference list, because a bibliography includes everything you looked at, even if it was not used in the assignment.
You should arrange the items in the reference list or bibliography alphabetically, by author (family name/surname or organisation name).
Books
For books, the following information is given, in this order:
- Author(s)--either
a person or an organisation--or editor(s)
- Year of
publication. See Dates in text
- Title--plus
the subtitle if there is one
- Title of
series and volume number--if applicable
- Edition--if
it is not the first
- Publisher
- Place of
publication--city or area (extra information may be provided if there is more than one place with the same name eg. Cambridge in the UK should not be confused with Cambridge, Mass., which is in the USA)
You can find
this information on the imprint page of the book itself (i.e.
the page immediately following the title page) or from the entry
in the library catalogue. The following examples illustrate how
to set out references for a variety of books in a reference list
or bibliography. Note that if you are using an e-book/online book, you need to see the Electronic Resources section of this guide.
Usually the
author's name comes first. Put the surname (family name) first,
then initials of the given or personal names. No full stops and
no spaces are used with people's initials. If listing an editor or editors, place parentheses around the abbreviation for editor/s. Year of publication is the last item to be entered before Book title.
Book titles
are italicised. Series titles are not italicised. Use minimal capitalisation for book titles.
Commas are used to seperate each item in the reference.
You should
use only the author's initials in your reference list, regardless
of how his or her name is presented in the book. Sometimes you
can use an author's full name if it will help your readers to
recognise the author (e.g. Phillip Adams could appear in a reference
list as Adams, Phillip) or to help distinguish between two authors with the same surname and initials.
If an item has more than one author, the authors' names should be cited in the order they appear on the title page--do not re-arrange their names by alphabetical order.
Use an ampersand
(&) between two authors' names rather than the word 'and'.
If you know
some information for a reference, but it is not on the item
itself, you can include it in a square bracket e.g. [Sydney].
You may find this sort of information by using a library catalogue.
Book chapters and periodical articles accessed in Online Reserve are treated using the guidelines here, not those found in the Electronic Resources section.
- Book
with one author
| e.g. |
Miller,
D 2000, Citizenship and national identity, Polity,
Cambridge. |
- Book
with two authors
Names should be cited in the order they appear on the title
page.
| e.g. |
Hancock, P & Bazley, ME 2006, Contemporary accounting, 6th edn, Thomson Learning, Melbourne. |
- Book
with three authors
| e.g. |
Smith, JW, Lyons, G & Moore, E 1998, Global meltdown: immigration, multiculturalism, and national breakdown in the New World disorder, Praeger, Westport, Conn. |
- Book
with organisation as author
| e.g. |
Australian Society of CPAs 1993, Accounting software
in Australia 1993: the CPAs guide to accounting software,
Prentice Hall of Australia, Sydney. |
- Book
with government department as author
| e.g. |
Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade 2002, Australia-China:
a photographic record: to commemorate the 30th anniversary
of the establishment of diplomatic relations between
Australia and the People's Republic of China: 1972-2002,
Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Canberra. |
- Book
with more than three authors
e.g. |
Haran, J, McNeil, M, O'Riordan, K & Kitzinger, J 2007, Human cloning in the media: from science fiction to science practice, Genetics and Society, Routledge, London. |
- Book
with no author
Use the title of the work (in italics), then the date (not italicised).
| e.g. |
Training Australians: a better way of working: 27
case studies from leading Australian organisations of
their best training strategies 1990, Business Council
of Australia, Melbourne. |
- Book
with an editor
| e.g. 1: one editor |
Hyde, R (ed.) 2006, Bioclimatic housing: innovative designs for warm climates,
Earthscan, Sterling, Va. |
| e.g. 2: more than one editor |
Lancaster, BP, Schultz, GM & Fabozzi, FJ (eds) 2008, Structured products and related credit derivatives: a comprehensive guide for investors,
John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, N.J. |
- Book
in a series
List the name of the series after the title of the work.
| e.g. |
Guzman, NA 1993, Capillary electrophoresis technology, Chromatographic science series no. 64, Dekker, New York. |
- Book
known by a short title e.g. The Cole inquiry
The reference
list must contain a cross-reference to the formal author of
the work and the full document information must be given
under the formal entry.
| e.g. |
Cole inquiry--see Inquiry into certain Australian companies in relation to the UN Oil-for-Food Programme 2006 |
| |
Inquiry into certain Australian companies in relation to the UN Oil-for-Food Programme 2006, Report of the Inquiry into certain Australian companies in relation to the UN Oil-For-Food Programme,
(Commissioner the Honourable Terence RH Cole), Parliamentary paper (Australia. Parliament); 2006, no. 395-9, Inquiry into Certain Australian Companies in Relation to the UN Oil-For-Food Programme, Sydney. |
- More
than one place of publication
If more than one place of publication is listed, use only the first-listed place.
- Chapter or article from a book
Give the details of the chapter or article first, then the details
of the publication in which it appeared.
Enclose the title of the chapter or article in single quotation marks.
Note that the initials precede the surname/family name of the authors of the publication in which the chapter or article appears.
| e.g. |
Hesketh, B & Rounds, J 1995, 'International cross-cultural
approaches to career development', in WB Walsh &
SH Osipow (eds), Handbook of vocational psychology:
theory, research, and practice, 2nd edn, Lawrence
Erlbaum Associates Inc., Mahwah, N.J. |
- Entries
in an encyclopedia
If there
is no author, use the title of the encyclopedia entry or article
first.
If you are using an online encyclopedia (eg. Britannica Online), then please see the section called Articles
from online encyclopedias and dictionaries.
| e.g. 1 |
Tran, M 2001, `Swedish massage', The Gale encyclopedia
of alternative medicine, Vol. 4, Gale Group, Farmington
Hills, Michigan, pp. 1668-70. |
e.g. 2 |
`Puma'
1988, The New Encyclopaedia Britannica, 15th edn, vol.
9, Encyclopaedia Britannica, Chicago, p. 796. |
Periodicals
Maximal capitalisation
is used for the titles of periodicals. This means that each major word in the title of a periodical must have a capital letter. For all other titles, capitalisation
is minimal.
Periodical
titles are italicised.
Dates are arranged in this order: Day, Month, Year.
In general
you will find that all the issues of a magazine or journal published
in one year are collectively called a volume and may be given
a volume number. An issue number or the name of a month or season
may identify each issue within that volume. Look at the periodical
carefully as it may have an entirely individual numbering system.
1. Articles with an author
For articles
in journals and magazines, include the following information:
- Author(s)--if
given
- Year of
publication
- Title
of article--enclose title in single quotation marks
- Title
of periodical
- Place
of publication (city)--only if there are 2 or more periodicals
with the same title
- Volume
and/or issue number
- Day and month
or season--if applicable
- Page number(s)
| e.g. |
Janiszewski, C, Silk, T & Cooke, ADJ 2003, 'Different scales for different frames: the role of subjective scales and experience in explaining attribute-framing effects',
Journal of Consumer Research, vol. 30, no. 3, December, pp. 311-25. |
2. Articles
with no author
| e.g. |
'Entangled photons could be seen by the naked eye' 2008, New Scientist,
vol. 197, no. 2644, February, p. 17. |
3. Individual
volumes/issues
For a single
issue or a limited run, the following details are sufficient:
- Title--plus
subtitle if there is one
- Year of
publication
- Volume
and/or issue number(s)
- Day and month or season--if applicable
| e.g. 1 |
Overland, 1983, no. 93, December. |
| e.g. 2 |
Futures: the Journal of Forecasting and Planning, 1986-9,
vols. 18-21. |
4. Complete
run of a periodical
If you need
to write a reference for a complete run of a currently published
periodical, include the following information:
- Title--plus
subtitle if there is one
- Date(s)
of publication
- Name of
publisher
- Place
of publication (city, state)
- Volume
and/or issue number(s)
- Frequency
of publication
| e.g. |
Australian Library Journal, 1951-, Library Association of Australia, Sydney, vol. 1-,
Quarterly. |
| |
'1951-'
and 'vol. 1-' means that the first issue appeared in 1951
and the periodical is still being published. |
5. Newspaper
articles
Replace the
volume/issue number by the day and month:
| e.g. 1 |
Wilson, A 2008, 'Early falls lift hopes of best ski season for years', The Australian, 28 April, p. 6. |
e.g. 2 |
'Walk this way, John' 2008, The Herald Sun,
27 April, p. 26. |
6. Reviews
of books, films, television, performances, etc.
Include:
- Name of
reviewer
- Year
- Title
of the review
- Description
of what is being reviewed and its author
- Periodical
in which the review appeared
- Day and
month or season--if applicable
- Page numbers
| e.g. |
Carroll, S 2002, 'The stuff of theatre', review of Double
act: a life of Tom Stoppard by Ira Nadel, The Age,
28 September, Saturday Extra, p. 8. |
| |
'Saturday Extra' before the page number indicates a special
independently-paginated section of the newspaper. |
7. Annual
reports
These are
not periodicals in the usual sense, but are important regular
publications of government bodies, companies and other organisations.
A reference for an annual report should include:
- Name of
organisation
- Date of
publication--if applicable
- Short
descriptive title
- Year(s)
covered
e.g. 1 |
Department of Health and Ageing 2007, Annual Report 2006-7, Canberra. |
|
e.g. 2 |
Iluka Resources Limited 2007, Annual Report 2007. |
For an example of an online annual report, please see the section called Web
page of a company or organisation.
Conference
papers - published proceedings
Papers presented at conferences and similar types of meetings are often
collected and published by the organisation that arranged the
conference. A reference to a published conference paper is similar
to one for a chapter or article from a book.
Note that
the place and year that the papers were published is included,
while the place and date that the conference was held are omitted
(unless these form part of the title of the proceedings).
Also note that
pagination (how pages are numbered) may involve letters as well as numbers in these sorts of publications. In such cases, use the pagination exactly as it appears in the publication. The first example immediately below demonstrates this--the pagination invovles the letter I and a hyphen and then the page numbers.
e.g. 1 |
Favaro, P, Osher, S, Soatto, S & Vese, L 2003, '3D shape from anisotrophic diffusion', Proceedings: 2003 IEEE Computer Society conference on computer vision and pattern recognition,
IEEE Computer Society Press, Los Alamitos, California, pp. I-179-86. |
| e.g. 2 |
Pockley, P 1987, 'National programs for promoting public
understanding of science and technology: progress, problems
and prospects', ANZAAS Congress papers, no. 56,
paper 76. |
Australian
Bureau of Statistics documents
Include the ABS catalogue number after the title. Use ABS as the publisher.
| e.g. |
Australian Bureau of Statistics 1998, Marriages and divorces, Australia, cat. no. 3310.0, ABS, Canberra. |
Please also
look at the section on
Australian
Bureau of Statistics documents online
Acts of Parliament
Add the name
of the jurisdiction in brackets after the title of the act.
| e.g. |
Electoral Act 2002 (Vic). |
Standards
Standards
Australia defines a standard as 'a published document which sets
out technical specifications or other criteria necessary to ensure
that a material or method will consistently do the job it is intended
to do'.
For standards,
the following information is given, in this order:
- Author(s)
- Year of
publication - use the date that the current edition of the standard was published
- Title
- Standard
Number
- Publisher
- Place of
publication
e.g. 1 |
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers 1987,
IEEE standard for software user documentation, (ANSI/IEEE
1063-1987), IEEE, New York. |
| e.g. 2 |
Standards
Australia International 1999, Residential timber-framed construction. Part 4, simplified- non-cyclonic areas, (AS 1684.4-1999), Standards Australia International,
Strathfield, NSW. |
| e.g. 3 |
American Society for Testing and Materials 2006, Standard specification for aluminum alloys in ingot and molton forms for castings from all casting processes, (ASTM B179-06), ASTM,
West Conshohocken, Penn. |
Please also
look at the section on Australian
Standards Online.
Tables, graphs and images
from a book or periodical
This applies to advertisements in newspapers, magazines and other forms of print.
Use the following to describe what the item is:[table] for tables, [graph] for graphs, [image] for photographs and graphics, and lastly [advertisement] for all advertisements.
For advertisements on radio and TV, please see the section called Radio and television broadcasts.
| e.g.1: table in a book |
'Table 1: Personality problems - behaviour predictors' [table] in R de Board 1983, Counselling people at work: an introduction for managers, Gower, Aldershot, Hants., p. 25. |
| e.g.2: advertisement in a magazine |
'Sony HD handycam' [advertisement] in Time Australia 2007, vol. 49, 17 December, p. 31. |
| e.g.3: photograph in a book |
'Fig. 10: Parrot's Nest (Goorambil), the djurebil of the hoop pine' [image] in JG Steele 1983, Aboriginal pathways in southeast Queensland and the Richmond river, University of Queensland Press, St, Lucia, Qld, p. 16. |
Audiovisual
material
You may need to write a reference for a videotape, DVD, TV program
etc. It is similar to a book reference. Use the label on the item
or the library catalogue to find the information you need. Include
the following details:
- Author
(if there is one)
- Year of
production
- Title
- Format
(use a general term such as 'sound recording')--this is enclosed in square brackets [ ]
- Name of
producer/director
- Place
of production
The library catalogue will tell you what format these items are. You must use the format listed in the library catalogue. Both videos and DVDs are currently described as "videorecordings".
1. DVD's and videotapes
| e.g.1: videotape |
Murnau, FW 1984, Nosferatu the Vampire (Dracula)
[videorecording], Video Yesteryear, Sandy Hook, Conn. |
| e.g. 2: DVD |
People at Origin Energy: an HRM case study 2007
[videorecording],Video Education Australasia, Ballarat. |
2. Sound
recording e.g. CDs, tapes, reels, cassettes, records
| e.g. |
Jane Knowles 1996 [sound recording], ABC Radio Tapes,
Sydney. |
3. Slides
| e.g. |
Birnstihl, H 1980, Emotions [slide], Northside Productions,
North Melbourne. |
4. Kit
i.e. combinations of media, such as audio CD plus printed booklet/s
| e.g. |
Maeda-Nye, M & Okada, S 2006,
15 minute Japanese: learn Japanese in just 15 minutes a day [kit], Dorling Kindersley, London. |
5. Radio
and television broadcasts
Include:
- Title.
If no title is given in the program, you should supply your
own short descriptive title, enclosed in square brackets. As always, the title should be italicised.
- Year of
broadcast
- Format--use either [television program] or [radio program]
- Series
title
- Broadcasting
station
- Day and month
of broadcast
| e.g. 1 |
Howard's end 2008 [television program], Four Corners,
ABC1, 18 February. |
| e.g. 2 |
[Protest by Melbourne's taxi drivers ends] 2008 [television program], News, Channel 9, 30 April. |
| e.g. 3 |
Making
waves 1995 [television program], SBS Television, 9 March. |
| e.g. 4 |
Making
an issue out of violence 1991 [radio program], Women
on the line, 3CR, 10 August. |
Pamphlets, leaflets etc.
Organisations
rather than individuals generally produce these kinds of small
publication. They often contain useful information but are difficult
to cite because few have adequate identification details printed
on them. Try to give enough relevant information to enable the
reader to identify the item if required. Include as many of the
following details as possible.
- Author
- Date of
publication (estimate this if not given)
- Title
(or your own short descriptive title)
- Publisher
|