Skip to Content

Harvard System

A Swinburne guide to in-text references (citations), reference lists and bibliographies using the Harvard author-date style

CONTENTS


Introduction

Definitions

Annotated bibliography
Bibliography
Citation
In-text reference
Periodicals
Reference list


Steps to referencing


Organising a bibliography or reference list

Before you begin: the most important rule of all
Writing a bibliography or reference list
Collecting references


In-text references

Using volume and page numbers
Dates in text
 One author or one organisation as author
Two or three authors
More than three authors
More than one work cited in a single reference
Parts of a work written by someone other than the author
Chapter from an edited book
More than one work by the same author
No author or authoring body--neither a person nor an organisation
One author citing another author
Encyclopedias and dictionaries
Audiovisual material (films, videos, DVDs, television and radio programs)
Web pages
Unpublished works
Personal communications, including e-mail, conversations, IRC & IM


Reference lists and bibliographies

Books

  1. Book with one author
  2. Book with two or three authors
  3. Book with an organisation as author
  4. Book with a government department as author
  5. Book with more than three authors
  6. Book with no author
  7. Book with an editor
  8. Book in a series
  9. Book known by a short title e.g. The Cole inquiry
  10. More than one place of publication
  11. Chapter or article from a book
  12. Entries in an encyclopedia

Periodicals

  1. Articles with an author
  2. Articles with no author
  3. Individual volumes/issues
  4. Complete run of a periodical
  5. Newspaper articles
  6. Reviews of books, films, television, performances etc.
  7. Annual reports

Conference papers - published proceedings

Australian Bureau of Statistics documents

Acts of Parliament

Standards

Tables, graphs and images from a book or periodical

Audiovisual material

  1. Videorecording e.g. videotapes
  2. Sound recordings e.g. discs, tapes, reels, cassettes
  3. Slides
  4. Kit i.e. combinations of media such as audiocassette plus printed booklet/s
  5. Radio and television broadcasts

Pamphlets, leaflets etc.

Unpublished sources of information

  1. Unpublished documents: diaries, personal papers, reports etc.
  2. Personal letters, interviews, conversations, IRC, text messages

Items in a foreign language (non-English)


Electronic resources

Page numbers on the web

Dates

Articles in online databases

  1. Article with an author
  2. Article without an author
  3. Conference paper
  4. TVNews file

Reports from online databases

Articles from open access online resources

Articles from online encyclopedias and dictionaries

Extract from an online book

Tables, graphs and images from an online book or periodical

Web pages

  1. Web document with an author
  2. Web document without an author
  3. Web page of a company or organisation
  4. Australian Standards Online
  5. Patents from open access online resources
  6. Australian Bureau of Statistics documents online
  7. Discussion lists and discussion boards
  8. Lectopia recordings
  9. Blogs
  10. Wikis
  11. YouTube

E-mail

  1. E-mail with permission to cite the e-mail address
  2. E-mail without permission to cite the e-mail address

Other electronic resources


Personal bibliographic software

Cite while you write
Web pages


Management of qualitative data and electronic text

Nvivo


Further reading


Standard abbreviations used in referencing


More examples of in-text references and Reference list/Bibliography entries

Introduction

This guide is designed to help you document the sources of information you use for your assignments. The style used in this guide is the Harvard system, which is also sometimes called the author-date system or the name-year system. It is based on the Australian Government style guide, Style manual for authors, editors and printers 2002, 6th edition, revised by Snooks and Co., John Wiley & Sons, Milton, Qld and also Colin Neville's The complete guide to referencing and avoiding plagiarism 2007, Open University Press, Maidenhead--both of which can give you further information and more examples. There are many different citation styles. You can view a guide to some online resources on the Library Subject Starter Guide Styles for reference lists and bibliographies at:
http://www.swinburne.edu.au/lib/subjectguide/citing.htm

Your teachers may give you instructions about how to cite resources, but if not, you can follow the guidelines given here.

There are several important reasons for citing sources of information you have used:

  1. You must acknowledge any ideas or information you have obtained from other writers. If you do not let your reader know that ideas or information presented in your work are actually the work of other people, this is plagiarism (stealing) for which you can be penalised.
  2. Ideas and information that originally appeared in other works will help you to substantiate the statements you make in your assignment.
  3. Your readers may wish to find out more about the subject of your work by reading some of the books, articles and other information sources you have used.

Definitions

Annotated bibliography

a bibliography in which each citation is accompanied by a note that describes, explains or evaluates the publication referred to. Annotations may include scope, level, bias, style, relevance and credibility.

Bibliography

a list of books, articles and other sources of information which you have consulted and found useful in your research. It may include items which you have not referred to directly in the text of your essay or report.

Citation

description of a book, article or other information source, containing all details essential for correct identification of the item. Sometimes called a 'reference' by the Harvard system. Abbreviated citations are used for in-text references.

In-text reference

used in the Harvard system to give a brief acknowledgment of the source of a specific piece of information within the main text of an essay or report. It should be placed in parentheses immediately following the relevant passage or fully integrated into the text. In-text references must be accompanied by a reference list or bibliography giving complete details of the works cited.

Periodicals

publications that are published regularly (eg. daily, weekly, monthly, quarterly) such as magazines, journals and newspapers.

Reference list

a list of books, articles and other information sources that you have referred to directly (cited) in the text of your essay or report. This is used with the Harvard system. No additional items are included in a reference list, even those you found broadly relevant to your research but did not use. Note: Sometimes you may provide both a reference list and a bibliography (or annotated bibliography) with your essay or report--check with your teacher.

Steps to referencing

Step 1:

When you are collecting information, you should record all bibliographic details.

In the case of a book, bibliographic details refer to information like author or editor, date of publication, title, edition (if not the first), volume number (if from a multi-volume work), publisher and place of publication. A helpful suggestion to aid this is to photocopy the pages before the list of contents of the book, where all information about where and when the book was published, and store those pages in a folder, plastic sleeve, etc.

In the case of an article from a periodical, bibliographic details refers to information like author of the article, year of publication, title of the article, title of the periodical, day and month of publication and page number or page numbers on which the article appears.

In the case of an electronic resource, bibliographic details refers to information like author of the resource, year of publication, title of the resource, database provider or sponsor of the web page, day and month the resource was first viewed, and URL (web page address).

Step 2:

Cite the reference (place a brief reference) at the appropriate place within the text of the assignment. This means there will be a note or marker showing where you are acknowledging that someone else is responsible for that piece of information in your assignment.

Step 3:

Provide either a bibliography or a reference list at the end of the assignment. Ask your teacher which one they require.

Steps 2 and 3 involve listing citations using an accepted format. This guide tells you which information you need to include in citations (references) for most sources of information (books, articles, audiovisual material, web pages etc.) and how to set out that information by following the examples given. One widely used format, the Harvard system, is described in this guide. Ask your teacher if your school or department prefers this system. This guide will also help you prepare your bibliography or reference list, which is a more detailed set of notes about what you have used in preparing the assignment.

Remember, if you are having any problems with writing references, you can ask for help from:

  • the librarian at the Consultation Desk;
  • your teacher or supervisor in the relevant subjects;
  • language support teachers or study support teachers in LAS/Study Support at your campus.

Organising a bibliography or reference list

Before you begin: the most important rule of all

The most important rule in any citing and referencing is: always be consistent! If you do something in one way once, you should then do it the same way throughout the whole assignment!

Writing a bibliography or reference list

The following points may seem strict, but they can be important in interpreting a reference.

  1. Always assemble and present the information (e.g. author, title, publisher, etc.) in the same order.
  2. Be consistent in your use of punctuation.
  3. Be consistent in your use of capital letters.
  4. Observe the conventions on italics and single quotation marks which help to distinguish books and periodicals from the chapters or articles in them:
  • italics for the title of a book (or videotape, periodical or website);
  • enclose the title of an article in single quotation marks

    Note: Underlining may be used instead of italics, however, using italics is now usually preferred because of the predominance of personal computers which produce clear unambiguous italics. Underlined references can be confused with hypertext links for web pages from the Internet. Underlining is mostly used with handwritten or typewritten material. Italics will be used throughout this guide.

  1. Arrange your list of references in a clearly distinguishable order. A single sequence arranged alphabetically by the first letter of each item (author's family name/surname) is the most common. Alternatives include:
  • alphabetical within topics according to subject (e.g. a bibliography on mass media divided into general, television and radio)
  • alphabetical within groups according to format (e.g. books, periodicals, audiovisual)

Collecting references

As you find your information sources it is a good idea to record the references in full. It takes less time to type out the reference (or copy it onto an electronic document) in full the first time, even if you decide not to use it, than to find the necessary information at the last minute when your assignment is due.

Use a folder, plastic sleeve, envelope etc. to store photocopied references in, and use a electronic folder to store all electronic resources, including their bibliographic data.

If you have used several libraries to collect information, it is a good idea to note where you found your source, as well as its call number in that library. This information is not included in the bibliography or reference list with your assignment, but will help you to find the material again if required.

Postgraduate students and staff should read about Personal bibliographic software, and Management of qualitative data and electronic text.

In-text references

In the Harvard system, whenever you use someone else's information in your assignment, you place brief references in the text of your assignment to acknowledge the source of that information you have quoted or discussed. These brief references are called in-text citations ("citations"), or sometimes they are called in-text references. Citations must be accompanied by a reference list or bibliography at the end of your assignment, with the full details of all the works cited.

Generally, a citation is only the author's family name/surname and the year of publication. Additional details such as page numbers, volume numbers (and authors' initials, if more than one item has an author with the same surname as another item) should only be used when necessary to avoid confusion with other sources of information. Direct quotations should always be acknowledged with a page number.

e.g.

 David Miller asks, `what does each of us, individually, owe to other human beings, regardless of their cultural make-up, or their citizenship, or their place of residence?' (Miller 2000, p. 174)

Using volume and page numbers

If it is necessary to specify a volume or page in a citation--for example if the work is very long, these may be useful for a reader; add these details after the publication year:

e.g. 1 (Barr 1977, p. 77)
e.g. 2 Barr (1995, p. 29) described...
e.g. 3 (Russell 1969, vol. 3, p. 138)

Also look at the section on Page numbers on the web

Dates in text

Sometimes a publication year cannot be found. As the Harvard system is based on the combination of author and date, one of the following substitutes should be used:

n.d. = no known date

c. 1995 = circa 1995 (i.e. an approximate date)

2005? = a dubious / possible date

forthcoming = a work to be published in the near future


One author or one organisation as author

The name and year may be placed in brackets at the end of the relevant clause or sentence.

e.g. These changes were noticed more than a decade ago (Barr 1995).

Alternatively, the author's surname may be integrated into the text, followed immediately by the year, in brackets.

e.g.

 Barr (1995) was one of the first to draw attention to these changes.

If the author is an organisation or group, use the name of the organization.

e.g. 1

 The management of medications for the elderly in aged care facilities received greater attention in 2000 (Australian Pharmaceutical Advisory Council 2000).

e.g. 2

 The United Nations General Assembly (2008) has indicated that it plays a significant role in developing international law and setting international standards.


Two or three authors

When a work has two authors, the in-text reference shows the names of the authors, seperated by an ampersand (&):

e.g. (Zabin & Brebach 2004)

When a work has three authors, the first two names are separated by a comma and the third from the second by an ampersand:

e.g. (Kotler, Kartajaya & Hooi 2007)


More than three authors

When a work has more than three authors, the in-text reference shows the name of the first listed author and then the abbreviation
'et al.', which means 'and others':

e.g. (Gajski et al. 1993)

However, the names of all the authors should be shown in the Reference list and in the order as listed in the work.


More than one work cited in a single reference

More than one work may be cited in a single reference:

  (Parsaye & Chignell 1988; Simons 1985)

Note the authors are presented in alphabetical order--P before S.

When two authors of a work are incorporated in the text, the word 'and' is used rather than the ampersand (&):

  Parsaye and Chignell (1988), and Simons (1985) describe how...


Parts of a work written by someone other than the author

When someone other than the author writes part of a work, such as a preface or introduction, give both names.

e.g. Block (in Gallway 2000) claimed …

(Block, in Gallway 2000)

In the reference list, show details of the work in which the contribution, or part of the work, appeared. For the example above, of Block's introduction in Gallway's work, it would be:

e.g.

 Gallway, WT 2000, The inner game of work, Random House, New York.


Chapter from an edited book

If you wish to use information from a book where each chapter or section is written by a different author and then the book is finalised by an editor or editors, two sets of guidelines must be used to create the in-text reference and the bibliographic details.

For the in-text citation, only cite the name of the author/s of the chapter you wish to use - do not mention the book editor/s at all. This is different to the preceding guidelines, Parts of a work written by someone other than the author.

e.g. Carlson (2008, p. 16) defines ISMS as…

(Carlson 2008, p. 16)

When compiling the reference list, use the guidelines for Chapter or article from a book.
Add pagination for the whole chapter/section after the place of publication details.

e.g.

 Carlson, T 2008, 'Understanding information security management systems', in HF Tipton & M Krause (eds) 2008, Information security management handbook, 6th edn, vol. 2, Auerbach, Boca Raton, Fl, pp. 15-28.


More than one work by the same author

When you cite more than one work by the same author, list the publication years in chronological order (oldest to newest).

Use lower-case letters to distinguish between works published in the same year (also include these in the list of references).

e.g. 1 (Barr 1977, 1995)

e.g. 2

 (Robertson 1988a, 1988b)

e.g. 3

 Koutsoukis (2007, 2008b) noted that...


No author or authoring body--neither a person nor an organisation

Sometimes a work has no identifiable author. In this case, substitute the title of the book, article or web page for the author's name--don't use 'Anonymous' or 'Anon'. The title must be in italics (or underlined--see note from earlier).

e.g. 1 … in seventeenth century England (On travelling to London 1683)

e.g. 2

 Reform to drug laws was discussed but rejected by the Harm Minimisation Committee (Drugs and the law 2002)

In Drugs and the law (2002) it was claimed that reform to drug laws ...


One author citing another author

When one author cites another author's work, use all the authors' names.

Remember from earlier, that when two authors of a work are incorporated in the text, the word 'and' is used.

e.g. 1 Chambliss and Ryther (cited in Liazos 1985) reported…
(Chambliss & Ryther, cited in Liazos 1985)
e.g. 2 `English, as Charlton Laird has noted, is the only language that has, or needs, books of synonyms like Roget's Thesaurus. "Most speakers of other languages are not aware that such books exist."' (Laird, cited in Bryson 1990)

In the reference list, give details of the citing author only, because that is from there that you sourced the information.

From e.g. 1, above:

 Reference List
Liazos A 1985, Sociology: a liberating perspective, Allyn and Bacon, London.


Encyclopedias and dictionaries

If there is an author for an article from an encyclopedia, use the author-date method already described. For a dictionary entry or an encyclopedia article with no author, provide in-text information like this:

e.g. 1 The Macquarie dictionary (2001) defines it as …

e.g. 2

 (Encyclopædia Britannica 2008)


Audiovisual material (films, videos/DVDs, television and radio programs)

Provide the title of the item in italics and the date.

e.g. 1 (Japanese language and people 1991)

e.g. 2

 In the film Charlotte Grey (2002) the French Resistance fighters were portrayed…

Web pages

If there is an author for a web page, use the author-date method already described.

e.g. 1 (Dorosh 2007)
e.g. 2 (Victorian Association of TAFE Libraries 2008)

If there is no author, use the title of the web page.

e.g. (The senior dogs project 2002)


Unpublished works

If there is an author for an unpublished work, use the author-date method already described. An unpublished work may be a thesis; manuscript; unpublished paper given at a conference; etc.

e.g. (Florey 1925)

If there is no author, use the title of the unpublished work.

e.g. (Helping those who don't want help 2005)


Personal communications, including e-mail, conversations, IRC & IM

Personal communications, include conversations, interviews, telephone calls, e-mails, letters, internet live chat (IRC), instant messaging (IM), SMS text messages and also lectures.

Personal communications usually do not appear in a reference list unless your assignment is based mainly on information collected from personal communications. Personal communications are usually cited in-text only and must state what format the communication was. The day and month of the communication may also be necessary. Note carefully that initials precede the surname/family name.

Please also see the section called Unpublished sources of information and then follow the examples of personal communications citated in-text below.

e.g 1. In a letter dated 29 May 1986, AD Francis, wrote …
 
The bus came to rest at the bottom of the hill on top of Mr HG Birtles (AD Francis 1986, personal letter, 29 May).
e.g 2.
In an e-mail dated 15 January 2003, Annette Steere wrote…
 
The pie eating competition was a great success, with 6783 pies consumed! (A Steere 2003, e-mail, 15 January)

Reference lists and bibliographies

In the Harvard system, the author and the publication year form the link between in-text citations and the reference list or bibliography. There is no difference in preparing a reference list or a bibliography--both use the same details and information. A bibliography will simply have more sources listed than a reference list, because a bibliography includes everything you looked at, even if it was not used in the assignment.

You should arrange the items in the reference list or bibliography alphabetically, by author (family name/surname or organisation name).

Books

For books, the following information is given, in this order:

  1. Author(s)--either a person or an organisation--or editor(s)
  2. Year of publication. See Dates in text
  3. Title--plus the subtitle if there is one
  4. Title of series and volume number--if applicable
  5. Edition--if it is not the first
  6. Publisher
  7. Place of publication--city or area (extra information may be provided if there is more than one place with the same name eg. Cambridge in the UK should not be confused with Cambridge, Mass., which is in the USA)

You can find this information on the imprint page of the book itself (i.e. the page immediately following the title page) or from the entry in the library catalogue. The following examples illustrate how to set out references for a variety of books in a reference list or bibliography. Note that if you are using an e-book/online book, you need to see the Electronic Resources section of this guide.

Usually the author's name comes first. Put the surname (family name) first, then initials of the given or personal names. No full stops and no spaces are used with people's initials. If listing an editor or editors, place parentheses around the abbreviation for editor/s. Year of publication is the last item to be entered before Book title.

Book titles are italicised. Series titles are not italicised. Use minimal capitalisation for book titles.

Commas are used to seperate each item in the reference.

You should use only the author's initials in your reference list, regardless of how his or her name is presented in the book. Sometimes you can use an author's full name if it will help your readers to recognise the author (e.g. Phillip Adams could appear in a reference list as Adams, Phillip) or to help distinguish between two authors with the same surname and initials.

If an item has more than one author, the authors' names should be cited in the order they appear on the title page--do not re-arrange their names by alphabetical order.

Use an ampersand (&) between two authors' names rather than the word 'and'.

If you know some information for a reference, but it is not on the item itself, you can include it in a square bracket e.g. [Sydney]. You may find this sort of information by using a library catalogue.

Book chapters and periodical articles accessed in Online Reserve are treated using the guidelines here, not those found in the Electronic Resources section.


  1. Book with one author

    e.g.

    		 Miller, D 2000, Citizenship and national identity, Polity, Cambridge.
  2. Book with two authors
    Names should be cited in the order they appear on the title page.

    e.g.

    		 Hancock, P & Bazley, ME 2006, Contemporary accounting, 6th edn, Thomson Learning, Melbourne.
  3. Book with three authors

    e.g.

    		 Smith, JW, Lyons, G & Moore, E 1998, Global meltdown: immigration, multiculturalism, and national breakdown in the New World disorder, Praeger, Westport, Conn.

  4. Book with organisation as author
    e.g. Australian Society of CPAs 1993, Accounting software in Australia 1993: the CPAs guide to accounting software, Prentice Hall of Australia, Sydney.

  5. Book with government department as author

    e.g.

    		 Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade 2002, Australia-China: a photographic record: to commemorate the 30th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between Australia and the People's Republic of China: 1972-2002, Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Canberra.

  6. Book with more than three authors

    e.g.

    		 Haran, J, McNeil, M, O'Riordan, K & Kitzinger, J 2007, Human cloning in the media: from science fiction to science practice, Genetics and Society, Routledge, London.
  7. Book with no author
    Use the title of the work (in italics), then the date (not italicised).

    e.g.

    		 Training Australians: a better way of working: 27 case studies from leading Australian organisations of their best training strategies 1990, Business Council of Australia, Melbourne.

  8. Book with an editor

    e.g. 1: one editor

    		 Hyde, R (ed.) 2006, Bioclimatic housing: innovative designs for warm climates, Earthscan, Sterling, Va.

    e.g. 2: more than one editor

    		 Lancaster, BP, Schultz, GM & Fabozzi, FJ (eds) 2008, Structured products and related credit derivatives: a comprehensive guide for investors, John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, N.J.
  9. Book in a series
    List the name of the series after the title of the work.

    e.g.
    Guzman, NA 1993, Capillary electrophoresis technology, Chromatographic science series no. 64, Dekker, New York.

  10. Book known by a short title e.g. The Cole inquiry

    The reference list must contain a cross-reference to the formal author of the work and the full document information must be given under the formal entry.

    e.g.

    		 Cole inquiry--see Inquiry into certain Australian companies in relation to the UN Oil-for-Food Programme 2006
    Inquiry into certain Australian companies in relation to the UN Oil-for-Food Programme 2006, Report of the Inquiry into certain Australian companies in relation to the UN Oil-For-Food Programme, (Commissioner the Honourable Terence RH Cole), Parliamentary paper (Australia. Parliament); 2006, no. 395-9, Inquiry into Certain Australian Companies in Relation to the UN Oil-For-Food Programme, Sydney.

  11. More than one place of publication

    If more than one place of publication is listed, use only the first-listed place.

  12. Chapter or article from a book

    Give the details of the chapter or article first, then the details of the publication in which it appeared.
    Enclose the title of the chapter or article in single quotation marks.
    Note that the initials precede the surname/family name of the authors of the publication in which the chapter or article appears.
    Add pagination for the whole chapter/section after the place of publication details.

    e.g.

    		 Hesketh, B & Rounds, J 1995, 'International cross-cultural approaches to career development', in WB Walsh & SH Osipow (eds), Handbook of vocational psychology: theory, research, and practice, 2nd edn, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc., Mahwah, N.J., pp. 367-90.
  13. Entries in an encyclopedia

    If there is no author, use the title of the encyclopedia entry or article first.

    If you are using an online encyclopedia (eg. Britannica Online), then please see the section called Articles from online encyclopedias and dictionaries.

    e.g. 1

    		 Tran, M 2001, `Swedish massage', The Gale encyclopedia of alternative medicine, vol. 4, Gale Group, Farmington Hills, Michigan, pp. 1668-70.

    e.g. 2

    		 `Puma' 1988, The New Encyclopædia Britannica, 15th edn, vol. 9, Encyclopædia Britannica, Chicago, p. 796.


Periodicals

Maximal capitalisation is used for the titles of periodicals. This means that each major word in the title of a periodical must have a capital letter. For all other titles, capitalisation is minimal.

Periodical titles are italicised.

Dates are arranged in this order: Day, Month, Year.

In general you will find that all the issues of a magazine or journal published in one year are collectively called a volume and may be given a volume number. An issue number or the name of a month or season may identify each issue within that volume. Look at the periodical carefully as it may have an entirely individual numbering system.


1. Articles with an author

For articles in journals and magazines, include the following information:

  1. Author(s)--if given
  2. Year of publication
  3. Title of article--enclose title in single quotation marks
  4. Title of periodical
  5. Place of publication (city)--only if there are 2 or more periodicals with the same title
  6. Volume and/or issue number
  7. Day and month or season--if applicable
  8. Page number(s)

e.g.

 Janiszewski, C, Silk, T & Cooke, ADJ 2003, 'Different scales for different frames: the role of subjective scales and experience in explaining attribute-framing effects', Journal of Consumer Research, vol. 30, no. 3, December, pp. 311-25.

2. Articles with no author

e.g.

 'Entangled photons could be seen by the naked eye' 2008, New Scientist, vol. 197, no. 2644, February, p. 17.

3. Individual volumes/issues

For a single issue or a limited run, the following details are sufficient:

  1. Title--plus subtitle if there is one
  2. Year of publication
  3. Volume and/or issue number(s)
  4. Day and month or season--if applicable
e.g. 1 Overland, 1983, no. 93, December.
e.g. 2
Futures: the Journal of Forecasting and Planning, 1986-9, vols. 18-21.

4. Complete run of a periodical

If you need to write a reference for a complete run of a currently published periodical, include the following information:

  1. Title--plus subtitle if there is one
  2. Date(s) of publication
  3. Name of publisher
  4. Place of publication (city, state)
  5. Volume and/or issue number(s)
  6. Frequency of publication

e.g.

 Australian Library Journal, 1951-, Library Association of Australia, Sydney, vol. 1-, Quarterly.
  '1951-' and 'vol. 1-' means that the first issue appeared in 1951 and the periodical is still being published.

5. Newspaper articles

Replace the volume/issue number by the day and month:

e.g. 1

Wilson, A 2008, 'Early falls lift hopes of best ski season for years', The Australian, 28 April, p. 6.

e.g. 2

 'Walk this way, John' 2008, The Herald Sun, 27 April, p. 26.

6. Reviews of books, films, television, performances, etc.

Include:

  1. Name of reviewer
  2. Year
  3. Title of the review
  4. Description of what is being reviewed and its author
  5. Periodical in which the review appeared
  6. Day and month or season--if applicable
  7. Page numbers

e.g.

 Carroll, S 2002, 'The stuff of theatre', review of Double act: a life of Tom Stoppard by Ira Nadel, The Age, 28 September, Saturday Extra, p. 8.
 
'Saturday Extra' before the page number indicates a special independently-paginated section of the newspaper.

7. Annual reports

These are not periodicals in the usual sense, but are important regular publications of government bodies, companies and other organisations. A reference for an annual report should include:

  1. Name of organisation
  2. Date of publication--if applicable
  3. Short descriptive title
  4. Year(s) covered

e.g. 1

 Department of Health and Ageing 2007, Annual Report 2006-7, Canberra.

e.g. 2
Iluka Resources Limited 2007, Annual Report 2007.

For an example of an online annual report, please see the section called Web page of a company or organisation.

Conference papers - published proceedings

Papers presented at conferences and similar types of meetings are often collected and published by the organisation that arranged the conference. A reference to a published conference paper is similar to one for a chapter or article from a book.

Note that the place and year that the papers were published is included, while the place and date that the conference was held are omitted (unless these form part of the title of the proceedings).

Also note that pagination (how pages are numbered) may involve letters as well as numbers in these sorts of publications. In such cases, use the pagination exactly as it appears in the publication. The first example immediately below demonstrates this--the pagination involves the letter "I" and a hyphen and then the page numbers.

e.g. 1

Favaro, P, Osher, S, Soatto, S & Vese, L 2003, '3D shape from anisotrophic diffusion', Proceedings: 2003 IEEE Computer Society conference on computer vision and pattern recognition, IEEE Computer Society Press, Los Alamitos, California, pp. I-179-86.

e.g. 2

 Pockley, P 1987, 'National programs for promoting public understanding of science and technology: progress, problems and prospects', ANZAAS Congress papers, no. 56, paper 76.


Australian Bureau of Statistics documents

Include the ABS catalogue number after the title. Use ABS as the publisher.

e.g.

 Australian Bureau of Statistics 1998, Marriages and divorces, Australia, cat. no. 3310.0, ABS, Canberra.
Please also look at the section on Australian Bureau of Statistics documents online

Acts of Parliament

Add the name of the jurisdiction in brackets after the title of the act.

e.g. Electoral Act 2002 (Vic).


Standards

Standards Australia defines a standard as 'a published document which sets out technical specifications or other criteria necessary to ensure that a material or method will consistently do the job it is intended to do'.

For standards, the following information is given, in this order:

  1. Author(s)
  2. Year of publication - use the date that the current edition of the standard was published
  3. Title
  4. Standard Number
  5. Publisher
  6. Place of publication

e.g. 1

 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers 1987, IEEE standard for software user documentation, (ANSI/IEEE 1063-1987), IEEE, New York.

e.g. 2

 Standards Australia International 1999, Residential timber-framed construction. Part 4, simplified- non-cyclonic areas, (AS 1684.4-1999), Standards Australia International, Strathfield, NSW.

e.g. 3

 American Society for Testing and Materials 2006, Standard specification for aluminum alloys in ingot and molten forms for castings from all casting processes, (ASTM B179-06), ASTM, West Conshohocken, Penn.

Please also look at the section on Australian Standards Online.

Tables, graphs and images from a book or periodical

This applies to advertisements in newspapers, magazines and other forms of print.
Use the following to describe what the item is:[table] for tables, [graph] for graphs, [image] for photographs and graphics, and lastly [advertisement] for all advertisements.
For advertisements on radio and TV, please see the section called Radio and television broadcasts.

e.g.1: table in a book 'Table 1: Personality problems - behaviour predictors' [table] in R de Board 1983, Counselling people at work: an introduction for managers, Gower, Aldershot, Hants., p. 25.
e.g.2: advertisement in a magazine 'Sony HD handycam' [advertisement] in Time Australia 2007, vol. 49, 17 December, p. 31.
e.g.3: photograph in a book 'Fig. 10: Parrot's Nest (Goorambil), the djurebil of the hoop pine' [image] in JG Steele 1983, Aboriginal pathways in southeast Queensland and the Richmond river, University of Queensland Press, St, Lucia, Qld, p. 16.

Audiovisual material

You may need to write a reference for a videotape, DVD, TV program etc. It is similar to a book reference. Use the label on the item or the library catalogue to find the information you need. Include the following details:

  1. Author (if there is one)
  2. Year of production
  3. Title
  4. Format (use a general term such as 'sound recording')--this is enclosed in square brackets [ ]
  5. Name of producer/director
  6. Place of production
The library catalogue will tell you what format these items are. You must use the format listed in the library catalogue. Both videos and DVDs are currently described as "videorecordings".

1. DVD's and videotapes

e.g.1: videotape

 Murnau, FW 1984, Nosferatu the Vampire (Dracula) [videorecording], Video Yesteryear, Sandy Hook, Conn.

e.g. 2: DVD

 People at Origin Energy: an HRM case study 2007 [videorecording],Video Education Australasia, Ballarat.

2. Sound recording e.g. CDs, tapes, reels, cassettes, records

e.g. Jane Knowles 1996 [sound recording], ABC Radio Tapes, Sydney.

3. Slides

e.g.

 Birnstihl, H 1980, Emotions [slide], Northside Productions, North Melbourne.

4. Kit i.e. combinations of media, such as audio CD plus printed booklet/s

e.g.

 Maeda-Nye, M & Okada, S 2006, 15 minute Japanese: learn Japanese in just 15 minutes a day [kit], Dorling Kindersley, London.

5. Radio and television broadcasts

Include:

  1. Title. If no title is given in the program, you should supply your own short descriptive title, enclosed in square brackets. As always, the title should be italicised.
  2. Year of broadcast
  3. Format--use either [television program] or [radio program]
  4. Series title
  5. Broadcasting station
  6. Day and month of broadcast
e.g. 1 Howard's end 2008 [television program], Four Corners, ABC1, 18 February.
e.g. 2 [Protest by Melbourne's taxi drivers ends] 2008 [television program], News, Channel 9, 30 April.
e.g. 3 Making waves 1995 [television program], SBS Television, 9 March.
e.g. 4 Making an issue out of violence 1991 [radio program], Women on the line, 3CR, 10 August.


Pamphlets, leaflets etc.

Organisations rather than individuals generally produce these kinds of small publication. They often contain useful information but are difficult to cite because few have adequate identification details printed on them. Try to give enough relevant information to enable the reader to identify the item if required. Include as many of the following details as possible.

  1. Author
  2. Date of publication (estimate this if not given)
  3. Title (or your own short descriptive title)
  4. Publisher
  5. Place of publication
  6. Brief description, including format and content
  7. Location (if held in permanent library collection) or current supplier/distributor.

e.g. 1

 Emy, HV 1993, From the free market to the social market: a new agenda for the ALP?, Australian Fabian Society Pamphlet, no. 53, Pluto Press in association with the Australian Fabian Society, Leichhardt, NSW.

e.g. 2

 The growth guide: short courses May-September 2008, Swinburne Press, Hawthorn, Vic.

e.g. 3

 Alpine sell-out? 1992, Native Forests Action Council, North Melbourne, Leaflet supporting Alpine National Park proposal. Held in 'Conservation Issues' file of the Black Stump Public Library, NSW.


Unpublished sources of information

Information obtained directly from people and organisations, by letter or interview, or from unpublished material such as theses, diaries or other personal or business records should be acknowledged. Sometimes an in-text reference is sufficient; sometimes a reference should also be included in the reference list. Generally, you should include a reference in your bibliography or reference list only if the source of information is a document or other record which is available for other people to consult.
In order to prove to a teacher that an item of unpublished information exists, you may choose to make printouts of items like IRC conversations, text messages, etc. The printout should then be verified by a witness. Finally, the printout(s) should be attached as an appendix at the end of the assignment.

When citing unpublished materials, set out as for articles but do not italicise titles

1. Unpublished documents: diaries, personal papers, reports etc.

e.g. 1

 Florey, HW 1925, 'Letter to his mother', 6 April, Florey papers in the possession of Dr Joan Gardner, Melbourne.

e.g. 2

 Sobieralski, C 1995, 'Development of a dangerous goods compliance model for the photographic manufacturing industry', MEng thesis, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne.

e.g. 3

 Syme Family 1854-1947, Personal and business papers, LaTrobe Collection, State Library of Victoria.

2. Personal letters, interviews, conversations, IRC, text messages

If you have obtained information directly from a person or organisation through a personal letter, formal interview or informal conversation, this should be acknowledged in an in-text reference. This type of source is usually not referred to again in a reference list, except when the essay or report is based mainly on such sources, in which case it is appropriate to list them. Check with your teacher.

Note that the format is given before the name of the person (or organisation) for these references. Also note that initials precede surname/family name.
It is useful to include some information indicating the significance of the person to the subject of your work in the reference.

e.g. 1 Interview with F Walsh, Member of Swinburne Council, 29 June 1989.
e.g. 2 Lecture on electronic funds transfer systems for HIT2999 Information & Banking, by J Smith, School of Business, Swinburne University of Technology, 8 September 2003.
e.g. 3 Personal letter from AD Francis, retired bus driver, 29 May 1986.
e.g. 4 IRC conversation with N Pavlovski, Swinburne University librarian, 29 November 2007.
e.g. 5 Text message from J Jackson, Australian poet, 3 January 2008.

Please also see the section on E-mail.


Items in a foreign language (non-English)

When using items written in another language, the capitalisation conventions of that language should be followed. A translation should be given in parentheses immediately after the original title.

e.g.

 Klein, G 1986, La politica linguistica del fascismo (The language policy of fascism), Il Mulino, Bologna.

When using items that are written in a script other than Roman (eg. Chinese/Japanese, Cyrillic, Arabic, Sanskrit etc.), you must apply the following steps:
  1. Identify what sort of item it is and see what information you need to provide in order to reference it properly;
  2. Translate what you can into English;
  3. Arrange the pieces of information in the correct order;
  4. Add a statement in parentheses about what language the item is in.

e.g.

 Yang, X 1999, The comedy of Lao Fu Ye (in Chinese), Da Zhong Press, Beijing.

When using items that have been translated from another language into English, then a statement needs to be included after the title about what language the item was translated from and who the translator was.
The translator's name is given in full (if possible) and initials/first name(s) precede surname/family name:

e.g.

 Xingjian, G 2000, Soul mountain, translated from the Chinese by Mabel Lee, HarperCollins, Sydney.

Electronic resources

The same principles that are used with books are also used when citing electronic resources like articles from databases or information from a web page.

Some databases, especially online reference works like encyclopedias, show you how to cite the reference at the end of the entry. You may wish to use these suggestions from the databases, but you must reformat them into the Harvard System.

When citing resources found on the Internet, only use information which appears on the page you are citing. For example, when you are citing an article from a website, you can only use the information which appears on that page of the website. You cannot use information which may appear on the website's home page, even though that may give more information.

There is one occasion when you may need to use information which is not on the page. You will need to do this if there is no title of the document within the document. Then you can use the title in the title bar. If there is no title in the document and no title in the title bar, you must use the URL (web page address) as the title of the document.

Book chapters and periodical articles accessed in Online Reserve are not treated using these Electronic Resources guidelines, but using the Books and Periodicals guidelines from earlier.


Page numbers on the web

You can use a page number for a scanned document on the web (eg. for a PDF file or a Word document), but you should not use page numbers for citations of in-text references for ordinary web pages. Although you may print out several pages for a web document, strictly speaking the document is only one page long.


Dates

Dates are arranged in this order: Day, Month, Year.

If there is a publication date which is clear, use that date, for example, the date of an issue of a periodical.

If there isn't a clear publication date, but you can see when the page was last updated, for example, 'Last updated on …', use this date.

If there isn't a clear publication date, but you can see a copyright date, for example, "© 2001", "(C) 2007" or "Copyright 2009", use this date.


Articles in online databases

If you use an article from an online database, you must state clearly which database it came from. You have used a version of the article that the publisher has supplied to the database. There may be variations between versions of the same article--for example, articles in different editions of the same newspaper may have different text or even different titles--therefore you must always give full details of the version of the article you have used.

Sometimes it is hard to work out what the name of a database is. It is possible to confuse the name of the database with the name of the online service provider. As an example, Australia/New Zealand Reference Centre is the name of a database, and EBSCOHost is the name of its online service provider. If you need help, please contact the Library.

Remember from earlier, maximal capitalisation is used for the titles of periodicals. This means that each major word in the title of a periodical has a capital letter. For all other titles, capitalisation is minimal.

Include this information, if applicable

    1. Author(s)
    2. Year of publication
    3. Title of article
    4. Title of periodical
    5. Volume and/or issue number and/or day and month of publication, or season e.g. Winter
    6. Identifying edition or version numbers or other identifying information
    7. Page numbers if they are included. NB this is not an estimate of how many printed pages would result from printing the article, but the page numbers given in the database.
    8. Title of the database and also the name of the service online provider, if applicable
    9. DOI (Digital Object Identifier). If there is no DOI, but there is some other article, document or file number, use that other classification format and number instead.
    10. Date viewed (day, month and year)--the date you first looked at the resource


  1. Article with an author

    e.g.

    		 Gaurav, D, Malik, AK & Rai, PK 2007, 'High-performance liquid chromatographic methods for the analysis of explosives', Critical Reviews in Analytical Chemistry, vol. 37, no. 4, pp. 227-68, Academic Search Complete, EBSCOhost, DOI 10.1080/10408340701244698, viewed 2 May 2008.
  2. Article without an author

    e.g.

    		 'Kazakh president approves scandalous Borat's film' 2006, REGNUM News Agency, 22 November, Factiva, Document DLSEEA0020061214e2bm0009b, viewed 9 May 2008.
  3. Conference paper

    e.g.

    		 Foo, JJ, Zobel, J, Sinha, R & Tahaghoghi, SMM 2007, 'Detection of near-duplicate images for web search', Proceedings of the 6th ACM international conference on image and video retrieval, July 9-11, pp. 557-64, ACM Digital Library, ACM Portal, DOI http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1282280.1282360, viewed 26 May 2008.
  4. TVNews file

    TVNews is a database of digitised video content in a compressed format provided by Informit.

    You will need to follow the guidelines from Radio and television broadcasts and then add title of database and provider, DOI and date viewed.

    e.g.

    		 Italian cyclist Danilo de Luca has been cleared of doping charges by the Italian Olympic Committee 2008 [television program], World News Australia, SBS Television, 17 April, TVNews, Informit, Document Number TEX20081500688, viewed 8 July 2008.

    If the title of an item is long and also exactly the same as its abstract, then follow guideline a. and see example 2 from Radio and television broadcasts - supply your own short descriptive title, enclosed in square brackets and then italicise it.

    e.g.

    		 [Unity Speech: Hillary Clinton at the Democratic National Convention] 2008 [television program], Lateline, ABC Television, 27 August, TVNews, Informit, Document Number TEX20083401169, viewed 30 September 2008.


    Reports from online databases

    Include this information, if applicable:

    1. Author(s), Editor(s), Compiler(s) or organisation responsible for the report
    2. Date the report was created
    3. Title of the report
    4. Name of the database
    5. Identifying number
    6. Date viewed

      e.g. IBISWorld Australia 2008, Takeaway food retailing in Australia, 21 February, IBISWorld, G5125, viewed 26 May 2008.


    Articles from open access (no login required) online resources

    This is used for journals published on websites that don't require you to log in or enter a password to access the full text. Some online journals, when accessed through the library catalogue, will give you multiple choices to browse the journal. For example, the Duke Journal of Comparative & International Law (ISSN 1053-6736) is available through the Directory of Open Access Journals (a free, open access website) and also Academic OneFile (a login-restricted commercial database). If using the Directory of Open Access Journals version of this journal, then use the reference format below. If you use the Academic OneFile version, then use the reference format of Articles in online databases, above.

    Include the same information as for Articles in online databases, leave out the database name & sponsor and DOI number but add the URL at the end.

    e.g.

    		 Rauh, MJ, Macera, CA, Ji, M & Wiksten, ML 2007, 'Subsequent injury patterns in girls' high school sports', Journal of Athletic Training, vol. 42, no. 4, Oct-Dec, pp. 486-94, viewed 26 May 2008, http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2140074



    Articles from online encyclopedias and dictionaries

    Remember from earlier: if there is no author, use the title of the encyclopedia entry or article first.

    e.g. 1

    		 'drought' 2008, Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica Online, viewed 27 May 2008.

    e.g. 2

    		 'Hijab' 2003, Oxford dictionary of Islam, Oxford Reference Online, viewed 27 May 2008.



Extract from an online book

e.g. 1

 Coult, DJ 1993, `Optical thin film design' in JB Wachtman & RA Haver (eds) 1993, Ceramic films and coatings, William Andres Publishing/Noyes, Knovel, viewed 5 January 2005.

e.g. 2

 Interview with Rupert Murdoch c. 2002 in G White 2003, 2020 vision: how global business leaders see Australia's future, Allen & Unwin, EBL Ebook Library, viewed 25 May 2008.



Tables, graphs and images from an online book or periodical

Please also see the section on Tables, graphs and images from a book or periodical.

e.g.

 `Thermochemical properties of inorganic chemicals' [table] in P Patnaik 2003, Handbook of inorganic chemicals, McGraw Hill, Knovel, viewed 10 January 2005.

Web pages

Include as many of the following pieces of information, if applicable:

  1. Author(s), Editor(s), Compiler(s) or organisation responsible for the site. If there is no author that can be clearly identified, do not use the name of the Copyright holder.
  2. Year the document was created or the year of the most recent revision, modification or update. You may use the Copyright date of a web page if there is no date of creation, modification or update. If the Copyright date is a range of dates (e.g. 1996-98), you should use the latest date.
    e.g. Information Literacy Team 2008, Harvard style bibliographies and references, University of Leeds, viewed 14 April 2008, http://www.leeds.ac.uk/library/training/referencing/harvard.htm
  3. Title of document. The page title may be clearly shown at the top of the page. If it is not, a title may be shown in the title bar at the very top of the screen. If the title shown in the title bar is abbreviated, or not available, use the URL .
  4. Description of document if needed for clarification e.g. media release
  5. Name of the sponsor of the web page
  6. Date viewed (day, month and year)
  7. URL. Do not put an extra fullstop at the end of a URL.
Podcasts are classed as web documents, so follow the examples below for podcasts. You must try to add the day and month the podcast was recorded, if possible.
  1. Web document with an author

    e.g. 1

    		 Baldwin, HB 2006, How to become a CSI, International Crime Scene Investigators Association, viewed 27 May 2008, http://www.icsia.org/faq.html

    e.g. 2

    		 Cheney, P, Gould, J, & McCaw, L 2001, The Deadman Zone: a neglected area of firefighter safety, CSIRO, viewed 27 May 2008, http://www.csiro.au/files/files/p1ih.pdf

    e.g. 3: podcast

    		 Armstrong, K 2007, What is a sacred text?, The British Library, 4 June, viewed 30 May 2008,
    http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/whatson/downloads/files/KarenArmstrong.mp3

    e.g. 4: article from a
    news website

    		 Lake, C 2008, 'Video game addicts are not just 'shy nerds' ', NEWS.com.au, News Limited, 5 June, viewed 19 June 2008, http://www.news.com.au/technology/story/0,25642,23814312-5014117,00.html

  2. Web document without an author
    Use the title of the work (in italics), then the date (not italicised).

    e.g. 1

    		 White Pages Online 2002, Telstra Corporation Limited, viewed 15 April 2002, http://www.whitepages.com.au

    e.g. 2

    		 Swinburne Aviation links n.d., Swinburne University of Technology, viewed 27 May 2008, http://www.swin.edu.au/aviation/links.htm

  3. Web page of a company or organisation
    e.g. 1 About us: history 2008, Wesfarmers Limited, viewed 2 June 2008, http://www.wesfarmers.com.au/default.aspx?MenuID=22
    e.g. 2 Department of Public Information 2008, Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon, United Nations, viewed 27 May 2008, http://www.un.org/sg/

  4. Australian standards online

    e.g.

    		 Standards Australia 2008, Air navigation--cables and their supporting structures--marking and safety requirements--marking of overhead cables for planned low-level flying operations, AS3891.2-2008, SAI Global, viewed 27 May 2008.

  5. Patents from open access (no login required) online resources

    e.g.

    		 Watanabe, H, Ooyama T, Soma, M & Ogisu K 2008, Cathode active material, its manufacturing method, and non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery, US Patent 2008131778, 5 June, viewed 20 June 2008, http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US2008131778&F=0
    Please also see the related Subject starter guide called Patents.
    For an explanation of what is an open access online resource, please see Articles from open access (no login required) online resources, above.


  6. Australian Bureau of Statistics documents online
    7. e.g. 1 Australian Bureau of Statistics 2007,Older Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people: a snapshot, 2004-05, cat. no. 4722.0.55.002, ABS, viewed 27 May 2008, http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/mf/4722.0.55.002?OpenDocument
    e.g. 2 Linacre, S 2007, Australian social trends 2007: participation in sports and physical recreation, ABS, cat. no. 4102.0, viewed 27 May 2008, http://www.ausstats.abs.gov.au/ausstats/subscriber.nsf/0/1CE05AE897BAD438CA25732F001CA62F/$File/41020_Participation%20in%20sports%20and%20physical%20recreation_2007.pdf

  7. Discussion lists & discussion boards
    After the title of the post, put the subject code and subject title in italics. Then put a clarification of what this is (eg. discussion board post); the name of the sponsor or provider of the discussion board and lastly the day and month of the individual posting.
    For user-restricted discussion boards (eg. Blackboard and WebCT), you do not have to provide the URL.
    If there is no proper name given for the author, you may use their username instead.

    If an author has made more than one posting on one date, then also add the time of the posting after the date of the posting. Remember to apply the guidelines for multiple items by one author - see the section called More than one work by the same author.

    e.g. 1

    		 Pavlovski, N 2008, 'Hi and welcome to the library', LPW700 The writerly self, discussion board post, Swinburne University of Technology, 2 March, viewed 4 April 2008.

    e.g. 2

    		 kalima117 2006, 'Need help with Betta...greenish gray stuff on him!', Aquarium forum, discussion board post, Aquatic Community, 20 June, 1:43am, viewed 29 May 2008, http://www.aquaticcommunity.com/aquariumforum/showthread.php?t=1012

  8. Lectopia recordings
    The first example is for Lectopia recordings of lectures and presentations. The second is for TV recordings made using Lectopia.
    As these are user-restricted, you do not have to provide the URL. However, you must try to provide a date the recording was made, if possible.
    Please also see the section called Radio and television broadcasts.

    e.g. 1

    		 Patterson, J 2007, Sheep heart dissection [Lectopia recording], Swinburne University of Technology, viewed 1 April 2008.

    e.g. 2

    		 Downunder Grads: In the mix [Lectopia recording] 2008, Inside Australia, SBS Television, 5 March, viewed 7 March 2008.

  9. Blogs
    If there is no proper name given for the author, you may use their username instead.
    After the title of the blog, also put the day and month of the individual post.

    e.g. 1

    		 Lemon, A 2005, 'Stardust Circus big top', The circus diaries, 25 July, viewed 27 May 2008,
    http://thecircusdiaries.blogspot.com/2005/07/stardust-circus-big-top.html

    e.g. 2

    		 Wilhelm2451 2008, 'Age of Conan: Hystarian adventures', The ancient gaming noob, 22 May, viewed 28 May 2008, http://tagn.wordpress.com/2008/05/22/age-of-conan-hystarian-adventures/

  10. Wikis

    e.g.

    		 'Satellites' 2008, Amateur Radio Wiki, viewed 4 August 2008,
    http://www.amateur-radio-wiki.net/index.php?title=Satellites

  11. YouTube
If there is no proper name given for the author, you may use their username instead.
After the title of the YouTube video, also put the day and month the video was added.

e.g.

 zthechainz 2007, World architecture, 2 February, viewed 28 May 2008, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=__tX49-_8uQ

E-mail

You should never cite an e-mail address without the permission of the owner of the address.

  1. E-mail with permission to cite the e-mail address

e.g.

 Wallis, R 2002, e-mail, 24 April, rwallis@swin.edu.au.
  1. E-mail without permission to cite the e-mail address
e.g. Wallis, R 2002, personal e-mail, 24 April.

Other electronic resources

Need more help on how to cite an electronic resource? The following book is available in the collection:

Neville, C 2007, The complete guide to referencing and avoiding plagiarism, Open University Press, Maidenhead.


A collection of resources on how to cite references is available online at:

http://www.swinburne.edu.au/lib/subjectguide/citing.htm

The librarians at our campus libraries will also be pleased to help you with examples not covered here. If you aren't able to visit the Library you can email your question to: library@swin.edu.au

Personal bibliographic software

Bibliographic software allows you to organise your references and create bibliographies in hundreds of citation styles. Swinburne has a site licence for Endnote.

EndNote can be used to format a bibliography, keep track of notes about a particular reference, retrieve references according to sophisticated search strategies, and manage large databases containing references to many different types of material. References can be typed in or in some cases can be downloaded from bibliographic databases and library catalogues.

The Endnote software is available for installation from the Swinburne Library's service desks. Please tell the staff if you need Mac or Windows software.

The library offers in-person training to Swinburne honors and postgraduate students and Swinburne staff. Online training is available from http://www.swinburne.edu.au/lib/bibsoft/welcome.htm, where you can also download the training notes.


Cite while you write

EndNote is designed to work in conjunction with a word processor. You can write a paper and insert correctly formatted in-text references from records in EndNote. A bibliography or reference list is automatically generated based on the cited records.

Webpages

Swinburne Library maintains a portal site for information about bibliographic software. It includes training session schedules and manuals, downloadable files for searching Swinburne databases and examples of citation styles, links to discussion lists, and to sites for downloading trial versions of the software.

http://www.swin.edu.au/lib/bibsoft/welcome.htm

Management of qualitative data and electronic text

If you have large amounts of text stored in electronic form, which you wish to analyse or search through, a full-text software program such as Nvivo may be appropriate.

Nvivo home page

http://www.qsrinternational.com/products_nvivo.aspx

Swinburne does not have a site licence for Nvivo. Staff are advised to contact Swinburne IT Procurement to enquire further. (http://www.its.swinburne.edu.au/it_procurement/staff/offers.htm)

Further reading

There are many style manuals and guides to writing papers and reports of various kinds which include guidelines for correctly acknowledging your information sources. A few of the most useful ones are listed below; some of them and also many others may be found at Swinburne Library on the shelves around the Dewey classification numbers 808 (writing style and technique), and 371.302 (study guides).

Academic Services 2007, BU guide to citation in the Harvard style, Bournemouth University, viewed 14 April 2008, http://www.bournemouth.ac.uk/library/citing_references/docs/Citing_Refs.pdf

Coyle, W & Law, JC. 2005, Research papers, 13th edn, Longman, New York.

Day, R & Gastel, B 2006, How to write and publish a scientific paper, 6th edn, Greenwood Press, Westwood, Conn.

Holtom, D & Fisher, E 1999, Enjoy writing your science thesis or dissertation: a step by step guide to planning and writing dissertations and theses for undergraduate and graduate science students, Imperial College Press, River Edge, NJ.

Information Literacy Team 2008, Harvard style bibliographies and references, University of Leeds, viewed 14 April 2008, http://www.leeds.ac.uk/library/training/referencing/harvard.htm

Learning Support Services 2004, Quote, unquote: the Harvard style of referencing published material including electronic information 4th edn, Leeds Metropolitan University, viewed 14 April 2008, http://skillsforlearning.leedsmet.ac.uk/harvard_2004.pdf

Harvard referencing system 2008, University of Newcastle Australia, viewed 14 April 2008, http://www.newcastle.edu.au/service/library/biol1030/harvard.html

Neville, C 2007, The complete guide to referencing and avoiding plagiarism, Open University Press, Maidenhead. (Essential)

Peters, P 2007, The Cambridge guide to Australian English usage, 2nd edn, Cambridge University Press, Melbourne.

Referencing using the Harvard author - date system 2007, University of South Australia, viewed 14 April 2008, http://www.unisanet.unisa.edu.au/learningconnection/student/learningAdvisors/documents/harvard-referencing.pdf

Ritter, RM (ed.) 2002, The Oxford guide to style, Oxford University Press, Oxford.

Style manual for authors, editors and printers 2002, 6th edn, rev. Snooks & Co., John Wiley & Sons, Milton, Qld. (Essential)

Summers, J & Smith, B (eds.) 2004, Communication skills handbook: how to succeed in written and oral communication, Rev. and updated edn, John Wiley & Sons Australia, Milton, Qld.

Szuchman, LT 2008, Writing with style : APA style made easy, Thomson/Wadsworth, Belmont, Calif.

Thomas, R 2003, Referencing: a guide (including electronic sources), La Trobe University, Faculty of Law and Management, Language and Academic Skills Unit, Bundoora, Vic.

A collection of resources on how to cite references is available online at:
http://www.swinburne.edu.au/lib/subjectguide/citing.htm

Standard abbreviations used in referencing

List of abbreviations commonly used in references and bibliographies:

& = ampersand, which means 'and'
app. = appendix
c.(before a date) = about, if date is not given, e.g. c.1950
ch. = chapter
col., cols = column, columns
dir. = director, directed by
ed., eds = editor, editors
edn = edition (note: some systems use ed. for edition)
et al. = and others
NB = take careful note
n.d. = no date
no., nos = number, numbers
n.p. = no place, or no publisher, or no page
p., pp. = page, pages
pers. comm. = personal communication
prod. = produced by, producer
rev. = revised
rpt. = reprint, reprinted by
trans. = translated, translator(s)
vol., vols = volume, volumes
writ. = written

More examples of In-text references and Reference list/Bibliography entries

Wikipedia entry (only for Wikipedia. For all other wikis, see Wikis, above)

In-text: (Australian air traffic control 2009)
Reference list entry: 'Australian air traffic control' 2009, Wikipedia, viewed 2 April 2009, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Air_Traffic_Control

Acts of Parliament, Legislative Instruments etc. from web pages/web sites

In-text: (Civil Aviation Order 20.9 - Air service operations - Precautions in refuelling, engine & ground radar operations (Cwlth) 2006, p.3)
Reference list entry: Civil Aviation Order 20.9 - Air service operations - Precautions in refuelling, engine & ground radar operations (Cwlth) 2006, Commonwealth of Australia Law - Federal Register of Legislative Instruments, viewed 31 March 2009, http://www.comlaw.gov.au/ComLaw/Legislation/LegislativeInstrumentCompilation1.nsf/0/A9566099034A5B97CA25710900043CC9?OpenDocument

The Swinburne Harvard System Citation Guide booklet

In-text: (Harvard System Citation Guide: In-text references, reference lists and bibliographies 2008?, p. 24)
Reference list entry: Harvard System Citation Guide: In-text references, reference lists and bibliographies 2008?, Swinburne University of Technology, pamphlet.
Please see the section Pamphlets, leaflets etc., above.

The Swinburne Harvard System Citation Guide on the Swinburne Library web site (the same web site you are looking at right now!), where it is called Harvard System: a Swinburne guide to in-text references (citations), reference lists and bibliographies using the Harvard author-date style

In-text: "...you must state clearly which database it came from" (Harvard System: a Swinburne guide to in-text references (citations), reference lists and bibliographies using the Harvard author-date style 2009).
Reference list entry: Harvard System: a Swinburne guide to in-text references (citations), reference lists and bibliographies using the Harvard author-date style 2009, Swinburne University of Technology, viewed 19 March 2009, http://www.swinburne.edu.au/lib/researchhelp/harvard_system.htm

A website without any clear author (person, group or people or organisation) and no clearly identifiable sponsor or host of the web page

In-text: (The History of the Edison Cylinder Phonograph n.d.)
Reference list entry: The History of the Edison Cylinder Phonograph n.d., viewed 3 November 2008, http://lcweb2.loc.gov/ammem/edhtml/edcyldr.html

Why is this Reference list entry so brief? Remember from earlier:

"When citing resources found on the Internet, only use information which appears on the page you are citing. For example, when you are citing an article from a website, you can only use the information which appears on that page of the website. You cannot use information which may appear on the website's home page, even though that may give more information.
There is one occasion when you may need to use information which is not on the page. You will need to do this if there is no title of the document within the document. Then you can use the title in the title bar. If there is no title in the document and no title in the title bar, you must use the URL (web page address) as the title of the document."

That is what has had to be done here. I cannot click on the links down the bottom - I must use what I can see. The web page does have a title, so I can use that - but there is no identifiable date (or even a possible date); no identifiable author/s and no identifiable sponsor or host of the web page.

Labels and wall text in galleries and museums

As much information should be gathered while at the venue as is possible, as it will make preparing references easier. The following information should given, in this order:

  1. Author/s. If none are easily identifiable, use the Name of Gallery/Museum instead
  2. Year when the label/text was viewed
  3. Label/text number (if any)
  4. Name of the exhibition and (if possible) dates of exhibition
  5. Name of the artist/s (if possible)
  6. Name of the artwork or label heading or wall text heading - in italics
  7. Format - either label or wall text, enclosed in square brackets [ ]
  8. Day and month when label/text viewed
  9. Name of Gallery/Museum
  10. Location of Gallery/Museum

    11. Example: In-text: (Maharana Sangram Singh II attending the feeding of crocodiles at Jagmandir 2009)
    Reference list entry: NGV International 2009, The cricket and the dragon: animals in Asian art 17 October 2008 - 15 March 2009, Maharana Sangram Singh II attending the feeding of crocodiles at Jagmandir [label], 3 January, NGV International, Melbourne.

Need help?

Ask in person at the Service Desk at any campus library for help.

From outside the library you can ask for help:

By e-mail : library@swin.edu.au

By phone on 03 9214 8330

Or by SMS : 0427 841 787

This revised edition was based on Style manual for authors, editors and printers 2002, 6th edition, revised by Snooks & Co., John Wiley & Sons, Milton, Queensland and also C. Neville's 2007, The complete guide to referencing and avoiding plagiarism, Open University Press, Maidenhead.

Last updated by Nick Pavlovski (npavlovski@swin.edu.au) on 6 May 2009.

Go to top of document