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Harvard System

A Swinburne guide to in-text references (citations), reference lists and bibliographies using the Harvard author-date style

CONTENTS


Introduction

Definitions

Annotated bibliography
Bibliography
Citation
In-text reference
Periodicals
Reference list


Steps to referencing


Organising a bibliography or reference list

Before you begin: the most important rule of all
Writing a bibliography or reference list
Collecting references


In-text references

Using volume and page numbers
Dates in text
 One author or one organisation as author
Two or three authors
More than three authors
More than one work cited in a single reference
Parts of a work written by someone other than the author
More than one work by the same author
No author or authoring body--neither a person nor an organisation
One author citing another author
Encyclopedias and dictionaries
Audiovisual material (films, videos, DVDs, television and radio programs)
Web pages
Unpublished works
Personal communications, including e-mail, conversations, IRC & IM


Reference lists and bibliographies

Books

  1. Book with one author
  2. Book with two or three authors
  3. Book with an organisation as author
  4. Book with a government department as author
  5. Book with more than three authors
  6. Book with no author
  7. Book with an editor
  8. Book in a series
  9. Book known by a short title e.g. The Cole inquiry
  10. More than one place of publication
  11. Chapter or article from a book
  12. Entries in an encyclopedia

Periodicals

  1. Articles with an author
  2. Articles with no author
  3. Individual volumes/issues
  4. Complete run of a periodical
  5. Newspaper articles
  6. Reviews of books, films, television, performances etc.
  7. Annual reports

Conference papers - published proceedings

Australian Bureau of Statistics documents

Acts of Parliament

Standards

Tables, graphs and images from a book or periodical

Audiovisual material

  1. Videorecording e.g. videotapes
  2. Sound recordings e.g. discs, tapes, reels, cassettes
  3. Slides
  4. Kit i.e. combinations of media such as audiocassette plus printed booklet/s
  5. Radio and television broadcasts

Pamphlets, leaflets etc.

Unpublished sources of information

  1. Unpublished documents: diaries, personal papers, reports etc.
  2. Personal letters, interviews, conversations, IRC, text messages

Items in a foreign language (non-English)


Electronic resources

Page numbers on the web

Dates

Articles in online databases

  1. Article with an author
  2. Article without an author
  3. Conference paper
  4. TVNews file

Reports from online databases

Articles from open access online resources

Articles from online encyclopedias and dictionaries

Extract from an online book

Tables, graphs and images from an online book or periodical

Web pages

  1. Web document with an author
  2. Web document without an author
  3. Web page of a company or organisation
  4. Australian Standards Online
  5. Patents from open access online resources
  6. Australian Bureau of Statistics documents online
  7. Discussion lists and discussion boards
  8. Lectopia recordings
  9. Blogs
  10. Wikis
  11. YouTube

E-mail

  1. E-mail with permission to cite the e-mail address
  2. E-mail without permission to cite the e-mail address

Other electronic resources


Personal bibliographic software

Cite while you write
Web pages


Management of qualitative data and electronic text

Nvivo


Further reading


Standard abbreviations used in referencing

Introduction

This guide is designed to help you document the sources of information you use for your assignments. The style used in this guide is the Harvard system, which is also sometimes called the author-date system or the name-year system. It is based on the Australian Government style guide, Style manual for authors, editors and printers 2002, 6th edition, revised by Snooks and Co., John Wiley & Sons, Milton, Qld and also Colin Neville's The complete guide to referencing and avoiding plagiarism 2007, Open University Press, Maidenhead--both of which can give you further information and more examples. There are many different citation styles. You can view a guide to some online resources on the Library Subject Starter Guide Styles for reference lists and bibliographies at:
http://www.swinburne.edu.au/lib/subjectguide/citing.htm

Your teachers may give you instructions about how to cite resources, but if not, you can follow the guidelines given here.

There are several important reasons for citing sources of information you have used:

  1. You must acknowledge any ideas or information you have obtained from other writers. If you do not let your reader know that ideas or information presented in your work are actually the work of other people, this is plagiarism (stealing) for which you can be penalised.
  2. Ideas and information that originally appeared in other works will help you to substantiate the statements you make in your assignment.
  3. Your readers may wish to find out more about the subject of your work by reading some of the books, articles and other information sources you have used.

Definitions

Annotated bibliography

a bibliography in which each citation is accompanied by a note that describes, explains or evaluates the publication referred to. Annotations may include scope, level, bias, style, relevance and credibility.

Bibliography

a list of books, articles and other sources of information which you have consulted and found useful in your research. It may include items which you have not referred to directly in the text of your essay or report.

Citation

description of a book, article or other information source, containing all details essential for correct identification of the item. Sometimes called a 'reference' by the Harvard system. Abbreviated citations are used for in-text references.

In-text reference

used in the Harvard system to give a brief acknowledgment of the source of a specific piece of information within the main text of an essay or report. It should be placed in parentheses immediately following the relevant passage or fully integrated into the text. In-text references must be accompanied by a reference list or bibliography giving complete details of the works cited.

Periodicals

publications that are published regularly (eg. daily, weekly, monthly, quarterly) such as magazines, journals and newspapers.

Reference list

a list of books, articles and other information sources that you have referred to directly (cited) in the text of your essay or report. This is used with the Harvard system. No additional items are included in a reference list, even those you found broadly relevant to your research but did not use. Note: Sometimes you may provide both a reference list and a bibliography (or annotated bibliography) with your essay or report--check with your teacher.

Steps to referencing

Step 1:

When you are collecting information, you should record all bibliographic details.

In the case of a book, bibliographic details refer to information like author or editor, date of publication, title, edition (if not the first), volume number (if from a multi-volume work), publisher and place of publication. A helpful suggestion to aid this is to photocopy the pages before the list of contents of the book, where all information about where and when the book was published, and store those pages in a folder, plastic sleeve, etc.

In the case of an article from a periodical, bibliographic details refers to information like author of the article, year of publication, title of the article, title of the periodical, day and month of publication and page number or page numbers on which the article appears.

In the case of an electronic resource, bibliographic details refers to information like author of the resource, year of publication, title of the resource, database provider or sponsor of the web page, day and month the resource was first viewed, and URL (web page address).

Step 2:

Cite the reference (place a brief reference) at the appropriate place within the text of the assignment. This means there will be a note or marker showing where you are acknowledging that someone else is responsible for that piece of information in your assignment.

Step 3:

Provide either a bibliography or a reference list at the end of the assignment. Ask your teacher which one they require.

Steps 2 and 3 involve listing citations using an accepted format. This guide tells you which information you need to include in citations (references) for most sources of information (books, articles, audiovisual material, web pages etc.) and how to set out that information by following the examples given. One widely used format, the Harvard system, is described in this guide. Ask your teacher if your school or department prefers this system. This guide will also help you prepare your bibliography or reference list, which is a more detailed set of notes about what you have used in preparing the assignment.

Remember, if you are having any problems with writing references, you can ask for help from:

  • the librarian at the Consultation Desk;
  • your teacher or supervisor in the relevant subjects;
  • language support teachers or study support teachers in LAS/Study Support at your campus.

Organising a bibliography or reference list

Before you begin: the most important rule of all

The most important rule in any citing and referencing is: always be consistent! If you do something in one way once, you should then do it the same way throughout the whole assignment!

Writing a bibliography or reference list

The following points may seem strict, but they can be important in interpreting a reference.

  1. Always assemble and present the information (e.g. author, title, publisher, etc.) in the same order.
  2. Be consistent in your use of punctuation.
  3. Be consistent in your use of capital letters.
  4. Observe the conventions on italics and single quotation marks which help to distinguish books and periodicals from the chapters or articles in them:
  • italics for the title of a book (or videotape, periodical or website);
  • enclose the title of an article in single quotation marks

    Note: Underlining may be used instead of italics, however, using italics is now usually preferred because of the predominance of personal computers which produce clear unambiguous italics. Underlined references can be confused with hypertext links for web pages from the Internet. Underlining is mostly used with handwritten or typewritten material. Italics will be used throughout this guide.

  1. Arrange your list of references in a clearly distinguishable order. A single sequence arranged alphabetically by the first letter of each item (author's family name/surname) is the most common. Alternatives include:
  • alphabetical within topics according to subject (e.g. a bibliography on mass media divided into general, television and radio)
  • alphabetical within groups according to format (e.g. books, periodicals, audiovisual)

Collecting references

As you find your information sources it is a good idea to record the references in full. It takes less time to type out the reference (or copy it onto an electronic document) in full the first time, even if you decide not to use it, than to find the necessary information at the last minute when your assignment is due.

Use a folder, plastic sleeve, envelope etc. to store photocopied references in, and use a electronic folder to store all electronic resources, including their bibliographic data.

If you have used several libraries to collect information, it is a good idea to note where you found your source, as well as its call number in that library. This information is not included in the bibliography or reference list with your assignment, but will help you to find the material again if required.

Postgraduate students and staff should read about Personal bibliographic software, and Management of qualitative data and electronic text.

In-text references

In the Harvard system, whenever you use someone else's information in your assignment, you place brief references in the text of your assignment to acknowledge the source of that information you have quoted or discussed. These brief references are called in-text citations ("citations"), or sometimes they are called in-text references. Citations must be accompanied by a reference list or bibliography at the end of your assignment, with the full details of all the works cited.

Generally, a citation is only the author's family name/surname and the year of publication. Additional details such as page numbers, volume numbers (and authors' initials, if more than one item has an author with the same surname as another item) should only be used when necessary to avoid confusion with other sources of information. Direct quotations should always be acknowledged with a page number.

e.g.

 David Miller asks, `what does each of us, individually, owe to other human beings, regardless of their cultural make-up, or their citizenship, or their place of residence?' (Miller 2000, p. 174)

Using volume and page numbers

If it is necessary to specify a volume or page in a citation--for example if the work is very long, these may be useful for a reader; add these details after the publication year:

e.g. 1 (Barr 1977, p. 77)
e.g. 2 Barr (1995, p. 29) described...
e.g. 3 (Russell 1969, vol. 3, p. 138)

Also look at the section on Page numbers on the web

Dates in text

Sometimes a publication year cannot be found. As the Harvard system is based on the combination of author and date, one of the following substitutes should be used:

n.d. = no known date

c. 1995 = circa 1995 (i.e. an approximate date)

2005? = a dubious / possible date

forthcoming = a work to be published in the near future


One author or one organisation as author

The name and year may be placed in brackets at the end of the relevant clause or sentence.

e.g. These changes were noticed more than a decade ago (Barr 1995).

Alternatively, the author's surname may be integrated into the text, followed immediately by the year, in brackets.

e.g.

 Barr (1995) was one of the first to draw attention to these changes.

If the author is an organisation or group, use the name of the organization.

e.g. 1

 The management of medications for the elderly in aged care facilities received greater attention in 2000 (Australian Pharmaceutical Advisory Council 2000).

e.g. 2

 The United Nations General Assembly (2008) has indicated that it plays a significant role in developing international law and setting international standards.


Two or three authors

When a work has two authors, the in-text reference shows the names of the authors, seperated by an ampersand (&):

e.g. (Zabin & Brebach 2004)

When a work has three authors, the first two names are separated by a comma and the third from the second by an ampersand:

e.g. (Kotler, Kartajaya & Hooi 2007)


More than three authors

When a work has more than three authors, the in-text reference shows the name of the first listed author and then the abbreviation
'et al.', which means 'and others':

e.g. (Gajski et al. 1993)

However, the names of all the authors should be shown in the Reference list and in the order as listed in the work.


More than one work cited in a single reference

More than one work may be cited in a single reference:

  (Parsaye & Chignell 1988; Simons 1985)

Note the authors are presented in alphabetical order--P before S.

When two authors of a work are incorporated in the text, the word 'and' is used rather than the ampersand (&):

  Parsaye and Chignell (1988), and Simons (1985) describe how...


Parts of a work written by someone other than the author

When someone other than the author writes part of a work, such as a preface or introduction, give both names.

e.g. Block (in Gallway 2000) claimed …

(Block, in Gallway 2000)

In the reference list, show details of the work in which the contribution, or part of the work, appeared. For the example above, of Block's introduction in Gallway's work, it would be:

e.g.

 Gallway, WT 2000, The inner game of work, Random House, New York.


More than one work by the same author

When you cite more than one work by the same author, list the publication years in chronological order (oldest to newest).

Use lower-case letters to distinguish between works published in the same year (also include these in the list of references).

e.g. 1 (Barr 1977, 1995)

e.g. 2

 (Robertson 1988a, 1988b)

e.g. 3

 Koutsoukis (2007, 2008b) noted that...


No author or authoring body--neither a person nor an organisation

Sometimes a work has no identifiable author. In this case, substitute the title of the book, article or web page for the author's name--don't use 'Anonymous' or 'Anon'. The title must be in italics (or underlined--see note from earlier).

e.g. 1 … in seventeenth century England (On travelling to London 1683)

e.g. 2

 Reform to drug laws was discussed but rejected by the Harm Minimisation Committee (Drugs and the law 2002)

In Drugs and the law (2002) it was claimed that reform to drug laws ...


One author citing another author

When one author cites another author's work, use all the authors' names.

Remember from earlier, that when two authors of a work are incorporated in the text, the word 'and' is used.

e.g. 1 Chambliss and Ryther (cited in Liazos 1985) reported…
(Chambliss & Ryther, cited in Liazos 1985)
e.g. 2 `English, as Charlton Laird has noted, is the only language that has, or needs, books of synonyms like Roget's Thesaurus. "Most speakers of other languages are not aware that such books exist."' (Laird, cited in Bryson 1990)

In the reference list, give details of the citing author only, because that is from there that you sourced the information.

From e.g. 1, above:

 Reference List
Liazos A 1985, Sociology: a liberating perspective, Allyn and Bacon, London.


Encyclopedias and dictionaries

If there is an author for an article from an encyclopedia, use the author-date method already described. For a dictionary entry or an encyclopedia article with no author, provide in-text information like this:

e.g. 1 The Macquarie dictionary (2001) defines it as …

e.g. 2

 (Encyclopędia Britannica 2008)


Audiovisual material (films, videos/DVDs, television and radio programs)

Provide the title of the item in italics and the date.

e.g. 1 (Japanese language and people 1991)

e.g. 2

 In the film Charlotte Grey (2002) the French Resistance fighters were portrayed…

Web pages

If there is an author for a web page, use the author-date method already described.

e.g. 1 (Dorosh 2007)
e.g. 2 (Victorian Association of TAFE Libraries 2008)

If there is no author, use the title of the web page.

e.g. (The senior dogs project 2002)


Unpublished works

If there is an author for an unpublished work, use the author-date method already described. An unpublished work may be a thesis; manuscript; unpublished paper given at a conference; etc.

e.g. (Florey 1925)

If there is no author, use the title of the unpublished work.

e.g. (Helping those who don't want help 2005)


Personal communications, including e-mail, conversations, IRC & IM

Personal communications, include conversations, interviews, telephone calls, e-mails, letters, internet live chat (IRC), instant messaging (IM), SMS text messages and also lectures.

Personal communications usually do not appear in a reference list unless your assignment is based mainly on information collected from personal communications. Personal communications are usually cited in-text only and must state what format the communication was. The day and month of the communication may also be necessary. Note carefully that initials precede the surname/family name.

Please also see the section called Unpublished sources of information and then follow the examples of personal communications citated in-text below.

e.g 1. In a letter dated 29 May 1986, AD Francis, wrote …
 
The bus came to rest at the bottom of the hill on top of Mr HG Birtles (AD Francis 1986, personal letter, 29 May).
e.g 2.
In an e-mail dated 15 January 2003, Annette Steere wrote…
 
The pie eating competition was a great success, with 6783 pies consumed! (A Steere 2003, e-mail, 15 January)

Reference lists and bibliographies

In the Harvard system, the author and the publication year form the link between in-text citations and the reference list or bibliography. There is no difference in preparing a reference list or a bibliography--both use the same details and information. A bibliography will simply have more sources listed than a reference list, because a bibliography includes everything you looked at, even if it was not used in the assignment.

You should arrange the items in the reference list or bibliography alphabetically, by author (family name/surname or organisation name).

Books

For books, the following information is given, in this order:

  1. Author(s)--either a person or an organisation--or editor(s)
  2. Year of publication. See Dates in text
  3. Title--plus the subtitle if there is one
  4. Title of series and volume number--if applicable
  5. Edition--if it is not the first
  6. Publisher
  7. Place of publication--city or area (extra information may be provided if there is more than one place with the same name eg. Cambridge in the UK should not be confused with Cambridge, Mass., which is in the USA)

You can find this information on the imprint page of the book itself (i.e. the page immediately following the title page) or from the entry in the library catalogue. The following examples illustrate how to set out references for a variety of books in a reference list or bibliography. Note that if you are using an e-book/online book, you need to see the Electronic Resources section of this guide.

Usually the author's name comes first. Put the surname (family name) first, then initials of the given or personal names. No full stops and no spaces are used with people's initials. If listing an editor or editors, place parentheses around the abbreviation for editor/s. Year of publication is the last item to be entered before Book title.

Book titles are italicised. Series titles are not italicised. Use minimal capitalisation for book titles.

Commas are used to seperate each item in the reference.

You should use only the author's initials in your reference list, regardless of how his or her name is presented in the book. Sometimes you can use an author's full name if it will help your readers to recognise the author (e.g. Phillip Adams could appear in a reference list as Adams, Phillip) or to help distinguish between two authors with the same surname and initials.

If an item has more than one author, the authors' names should be cited in the order they appear on the title page--do not re-arrange their names by alphabetical order.

Use an ampersand (&) between two authors' names rather than the word 'and'.

If you know some information for a reference, but it is not on the item itself, you can include it in a square bracket e.g. [Sydney]. You may find this sort of information by using a library catalogue.

Book chapters and periodical articles accessed in Online Reserve are treated using the guidelines here, not those found in the Electronic Resources section.


  1. Book with one author

    e.g.

    		 Miller, D 2000, Citizenship and national identity, Polity, Cambridge.
  2. Book with two authors
    Names should be cited in the order they appear on the title page.

    e.g.

    		 Hancock, P & Bazley, ME 2006, Contemporary accounting, 6th edn, Thomson Learning, Melbourne.
  3. Book with three authors

    e.g.

    		 Smith, JW, Lyons, G & Moore, E 1998, Global meltdown: immigration, multiculturalism, and national breakdown in the New World disorder, Praeger, Westport, Conn.

  4. Book with organisation as author
    e.g. Australian Society of CPAs 1993, Accounting software in Australia 1993: the CPAs guide to accounting software, Prentice Hall of Australia, Sydney.

  5. Book with government department as author

    e.g.

    		 Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade 2002, Australia-China: a photographic record: to commemorate the 30th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between Australia and the People's Republic of China: 1972-2002, Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Canberra.

  6. Book with more than three authors

    e.g.

    		 Haran, J, McNeil, M, O'Riordan, K & Kitzinger, J 2007, Human cloning in the media: from science fiction to science practice, Genetics and Society, Routledge, London.
  7. Book with no author
    Use the title of the work (in italics), then the date (not italicised).

    e.g.

    		 Training Australians: a better way of working: 27 case studies from leading Australian organisations of their best training strategies 1990, Business Council of Australia, Melbourne.

  8. Book with an editor

    e.g. 1: one editor

    		 Hyde, R (ed.) 2006, Bioclimatic housing: innovative designs for warm climates, Earthscan, Sterling, Va.

    e.g. 2: more than one editor

    		 Lancaster, BP, Schultz, GM & Fabozzi, FJ (eds) 2008, Structured products and related credit derivatives: a comprehensive guide for investors, John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, N.J.
  9. Book in a series
    List the name of the series after the title of the work.

    e.g.
    Guzman, NA 1993, Capillary electrophoresis technology, Chromatographic science series no. 64, Dekker, New York.

  10. Book known by a short title e.g. The Cole inquiry

    The reference list must contain a cross-reference to the formal author of the work and the full document information must be given under the formal entry.

    e.g.

    		 Cole inquiry--see Inquiry into certain Australian companies in relation to the UN Oil-for-Food Programme 2006
    Inquiry into certain Australian companies in relation to the UN Oil-for-Food Programme 2006, Report of the Inquiry into certain Australian companies in relation to the UN Oil-For-Food Programme, (Commissioner the Honourable Terence RH Cole), Parliamentary paper (Australia. Parliament); 2006, no. 395-9, Inquiry into Certain Australian Companies in Relation to the UN Oil-For-Food Programme, Sydney.

  11. More than one place of publication

    If more than one place of publication is listed, use only the first-listed place.

  12. Chapter or article from a book

    Give the details of the chapter or article first, then the details of the publication in which it appeared.
    Enclose the title of the chapter or article in single quotation marks.
    Note that the initials precede the surname/family name of the authors of the publication in which the chapter or article appears.

    e.g.

    		 Hesketh, B & Rounds, J 1995, 'International cross-cultural approaches to career development', in WB Walsh & SH Osipow (eds), Handbook of vocational psychology: theory, research, and practice, 2nd edn, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc., Mahwah, N.J.
  13. Entries in an encyclopedia

    If there is no author, use the title of the encyclopedia entry or article first.

    If you are using an online encyclopedia (eg. Britannica Online), then please see the section called Articles from online encyclopedias and dictionaries.

    e.g. 1

    		 Tran, M 2001, `Swedish massage', The Gale encyclopedia of alternative medicine, Vol. 4, Gale Group, Farmington Hills, Michigan, pp. 1668-70.

    e.g. 2

    		 `Puma' 1988, The New Encyclopaedia Britannica, 15th edn, vol. 9, Encyclopaedia Britannica, Chicago, p. 796.


Periodicals

Maximal capitalisation is used for the titles of periodicals. This means that each major word in the title of a periodical must have a capital letter. For all other titles, capitalisation is minimal.

Periodical titles are italicised.

Dates are arranged in this order: Day, Month, Year.

In general you will find that all the issues of a magazine or journal published in one year are collectively called a volume and may be given a volume number. An issue number or the name of a month or season may identify each issue within that volume. Look at the periodical carefully as it may have an entirely individual numbering system.


1. Articles with an author

For articles in journals and magazines, include the following information:

  1. Author(s)--if given
  2. Year of publication
  3. Title of article--enclose title in single quotation marks
  4. Title of periodical
  5. Place of publication (city)--only if there are 2 or more periodicals with the same title
  6. Volume and/or issue number
  7. Day and month or season--if applicable
  8. Page number(s)

e.g.

 Janiszewski, C, Silk, T & Cooke, ADJ 2003, 'Different scales for different frames: the role of subjective scales and experience in explaining attribute-framing effects', Journal of Consumer Research, vol. 30, no. 3, December, pp. 311-25.

2. Articles with no author

e.g.

 'Entangled photons could be seen by the naked eye' 2008, New Scientist, vol. 197, no. 2644, February, p. 17.

3. Individual volumes/issues

For a single issue or a limited run, the following details are sufficient:

  1. Title--plus subtitle if there is one
  2. Year of publication
  3. Volume and/or issue number(s)
  4. Day and month or season--if applicable
e.g. 1 Overland, 1983, no. 93, December.
e.g. 2
Futures: the Journal of Forecasting and Planning, 1986-9, vols. 18-21.

4. Complete run of a periodical

If you need to write a reference for a complete run of a currently published periodical, include the following information:

  1. Title--plus subtitle if there is one
  2. Date(s) of publication
  3. Name of publisher
  4. Place of publication (city, state)
  5. Volume and/or issue number(s)
  6. Frequency of publication

e.g.

 Australian Library Journal, 1951-, Library Association of Australia, Sydney, vol. 1-, Quarterly.
  '1951-' and 'vol. 1-' means that the first issue appeared in 1951 and the periodical is still being published.

5. Newspaper articles

Replace the volume/issue number by the day and month:

e.g. 1

Wilson, A 2008, 'Early falls lift hopes of best ski season for years', The Australian, 28 April, p. 6.

e.g. 2

 'Walk this way, John' 2008, The Herald Sun, 27 April, p. 26.

6. Reviews of books, films, television, performances, etc.

Include:

  1. Name of reviewer
  2. Year
  3. Title of the review
  4. Description of what is being reviewed and its author
  5. Periodical in which the review appeared
  6. Day and month or season--if applicable
  7. Page numbers

e.g.

 Carroll, S 2002, 'The stuff of theatre', review of Double act: a life of Tom Stoppard by Ira Nadel, The Age, 28 September, Saturday Extra, p. 8.
 
'Saturday Extra' before the page number indicates a special independently-paginated section of the newspaper.

7. Annual reports

These are not periodicals in the usual sense, but are important regular publications of government bodies, companies and other organisations. A reference for an annual report should include:

  1. Name of organisation
  2. Date of publication--if applicable
  3. Short descriptive title
  4. Year(s) covered

e.g. 1

 Department of Health and Ageing 2007, Annual Report 2006-7, Canberra.

e.g. 2
Iluka Resources Limited 2007, Annual Report 2007.

For an example of an online annual report, please see the section called Web page of a company or organisation.

Conference papers - published proceedings

Papers presented at conferences and similar types of meetings are often collected and published by the organisation that arranged the conference. A reference to a published conference paper is similar to one for a chapter or article from a book.

Note that the place and year that the papers were published is included, while the place and date that the conference was held are omitted (unless these form part of the title of the proceedings).

Also note that pagination (how pages are numbered) may involve letters as well as numbers in these sorts of publications. In such cases, use the pagination exactly as it appears in the publication. The first example immediately below demonstrates this--the pagination invovles the letter I and a hyphen and then the page numbers.

e.g. 1

Favaro, P, Osher, S, Soatto, S & Vese, L 2003, '3D shape from anisotrophic diffusion', Proceedings: 2003 IEEE Computer Society conference on computer vision and pattern recognition, IEEE Computer Society Press, Los Alamitos, California, pp. I-179-86.

e.g. 2

 Pockley, P 1987, 'National programs for promoting public understanding of science and technology: progress, problems and prospects', ANZAAS Congress papers, no. 56, paper 76.


Australian Bureau of Statistics documents

Include the ABS catalogue number after the title. Use ABS as the publisher.

e.g.

 Australian Bureau of Statistics 1998, Marriages and divorces, Australia, cat. no. 3310.0, ABS, Canberra.
Please also look at the section on Australian Bureau of Statistics documents online

Acts of Parliament

Add the name of the jurisdiction in brackets after the title of the act.

e.g. Electoral Act 2002 (Vic).


Standards

Standards Australia defines a standard as 'a published document which sets out technical specifications or other criteria necessary to ensure that a material or method will consistently do the job it is intended to do'.

For standards, the following information is given, in this order:

  1. Author(s)
  2. Year of publication - use the date that the current edition of the standard was published
  3. Title
  4. Standard Number
  5. Publisher
  6. Place of publication

e.g. 1

 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers 1987, IEEE standard for software user documentation, (ANSI/IEEE 1063-1987), IEEE, New York.

e.g. 2

 Standards Australia International 1999, Residential timber-framed construction. Part 4, simplified- non-cyclonic areas, (AS 1684.4-1999), Standards Australia International, Strathfield, NSW.

e.g. 3

 American Society for Testing and Materials 2006, Standard specification for aluminum alloys in ingot and molton forms for castings from all casting processes, (ASTM B179-06), ASTM, West Conshohocken, Penn.

Please also look at the section on Australian Standards Online.

Tables, graphs and images from a book or periodical

This applies to advertisements in newspapers, magazines and other forms of print.
Use the following to describe what the item is:[table] for tables, [graph] for graphs, [image] for photographs and graphics, and lastly [advertisement] for all advertisements.
For advertisements on radio and TV, please see the section called Radio and television broadcasts.

e.g.1: table in a book 'Table 1: Personality problems - behaviour predictors' [table] in R de Board 1983, Counselling people at work: an introduction for managers, Gower, Aldershot, Hants., p. 25.
e.g.2: advertisement in a magazine 'Sony HD handycam' [advertisement] in Time Australia 2007, vol. 49, 17 December, p. 31.
e.g.3: photograph in a book 'Fig. 10: Parrot's Nest (Goorambil), the djurebil of the hoop pine' [image] in JG Steele 1983, Aboriginal pathways in southeast Queensland and the Richmond river, University of Queensland Press, St, Lucia, Qld, p. 16.

Audiovisual material

You may need to write a reference for a videotape, DVD, TV program etc. It is similar to a book reference. Use the label on the item or the library catalogue to find the information you need. Include the following details:

  1. Author (if there is one)
  2. Year of production
  3. Title
  4. Format (use a general term such as 'sound recording')--this is enclosed in square brackets [ ]
  5. Name of producer/director
  6. Place of production
The library catalogue will tell you what format these items are. You must use the format listed in the library catalogue. Both videos and DVDs are currently described as "videorecordings".

1. DVD's and videotapes

e.g.1: videotape

 Murnau, FW 1984, Nosferatu the Vampire (Dracula) [videorecording], Video Yesteryear, Sandy Hook, Conn.

e.g. 2: DVD

 People at Origin Energy: an HRM case study 2007 [videorecording],Video Education Australasia, Ballarat.

2. Sound recording e.g. CDs, tapes, reels, cassettes, records

e.g. Jane Knowles 1996 [sound recording], ABC Radio Tapes, Sydney.

3. Slides

e.g.

 Birnstihl, H 1980, Emotions [slide], Northside Productions, North Melbourne.

4. Kit i.e. combinations of media, such as audio CD plus printed booklet/s

e.g.

 Maeda-Nye, M & Okada, S 2006, 15 minute Japanese: learn Japanese in just 15 minutes a day [kit], Dorling Kindersley, London.

5. Radio and television broadcasts

Include:

  1. Title. If no title is given in the program, you should supply your own short descriptive title, enclosed in square brackets. As always, the title should be italicised.
  2. Year of broadcast
  3. Format--use either [television program] or [radio program]
  4. Series title
  5. Broadcasting station
  6. Day and month of broadcast
e.g. 1 Howard's end 2008 [television program], Four Corners, ABC1, 18 February.
e.g. 2 [Protest by Melbourne's taxi drivers ends] 2008 [television program], News, Channel 9, 30 April.
e.g. 3 Making waves 1995 [television program], SBS Television, 9 March.
e.g. 4 Making an issue out of violence 1991 [radio program], Women on the line, 3CR, 10 August.


Pamphlets, leaflets etc.

Organisations rather than individuals generally produce these kinds of small publication. They often contain useful information but are difficult to cite because few have adequate identification details printed on them. Try to give enough relevant information to enable the reader to identify the item if required. Include as many of the following details as possible.

  1. Author
  2. Date of publication (estimate this if not given)
  3. Title (or your own short descriptive title)
  4. Publisher